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Although numerous studies have focused on the importance of surfactant in the lower airways, relatively little is known about its role in the upper respiratory system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prospective study was conducted with 61 subjects divided into patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>w<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>), with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>) and healthy controls. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010D were detected in nasal lavage fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NALF<\/jats:styled-content>) by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> and in nasal mucosa by immunohistochemical staining. Severity of the diseases assessed by preoperative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> score, presence of comorbidity (allergy and bronchial asthma) and bacterial culture from the middle nasal meatus was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In nasal mucosa, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>s were localised in ciliated cells of the surface epithelium and serous acini of the submucosal glands. Stronger expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>s in submucosal glands was observed in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>w<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> groups in comparison with controls. In patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> and more severe form of the disease, higher levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010D in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NALF<\/jats:styled-content> and stronger immunoreactivity of these proteins in nasal mucosa were detected. Identification of pathogenic bacteria was associated with higher levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010D in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NALF<\/jats:styled-content> and nasal mucosa in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> and control group. Presence of allergy was associated with stronger expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010A in submucosal glands in all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content> patients and with decreased levels of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>s in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NALF<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRS<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surfactant proteins A and D play an important role in innate host defence of upper respiratory tract. Different expression of these proteins in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis indicates possible novel target of therapy in these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T09:23:41Z","timestamp":1438161821000},"page":"249-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Surfactant proteins A and D are related to severity of the disease, pathogenic bacteria and comorbidity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Uhliarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Martin Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital Banska Bystrica Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kopincova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Martin Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Adamkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Martin Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Svec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology FD Roosevelt Faculty Hospital Banska Bystrica Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Calkovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Martin Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"The nose: gatekeeper and trigger of bronchial disease","volume":"44","author":"Hens G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909361107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894061150S907","article-title":"Surfactant and its role in chronic sinusitis","volume":"196","author":"Schlosser R.J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. 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