{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:34:32Z","timestamp":1772645672855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]],"date-time":"2016-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to identify and investigate the face and content validity of ventilation tube insertion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTI<\/jats:styled-content>) training models described in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review of literature was carried out to identify articles describing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTI<\/jats:styled-content> simulators. Feasible models were replicated and assessed by a group of experts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postgraduate simulation centre.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experts were defined as surgeons who had performed at least 100 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTI<\/jats:styled-content> on patients. Seventeen experts were participated ensuring sufficient statistical power for analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A standardised 18\u2010item Likert\u2010scale questionnaire was used. This addressed face validity (realism), global and task\u2010specific content (suitability of the model for teaching) and curriculum recommendation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search revealed eleven models, of which only five had associated validity data. Five models were found to be feasible to replicate. None of the tested models achieved face or global content validity. Only one model achieved task\u2010specific validity, and hence, there was no agreement on curriculum recommendation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quality of simulation models is moderate and there is room for improvement. There is a need for new models to be developed or existing ones to be refined in order to construct a more realistic training platform for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTI<\/jats:styled-content> simulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,19]],"date-time":"2015-09-19T11:06:51Z","timestamp":1442660811000},"page":"321-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ventilation tube insertion simulation: a literature review and validity assessment of five training models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Mahalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery East Surrey Hospital Redhill UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.S.","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Khemani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery East Surrey Hospital Redhill UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care England \u2013 2012\u20132013. 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