{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:57:44Z","timestamp":1768294664309,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]],"date-time":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Free calcium plays an integral role in peripheral olfactory processing, including feedback inhibition. It has therefore been suggested that reduction of intranasal free calcium with buffer solutions such as sodium citrate may improve olfactory function in patients with smell impairment. Several previous studies have supported this hypothesis, particularly in post\u2010infectious olfactory loss. We therefore aimed to determine whether treatment with intranasal sodium citrate improves olfactory function in patients with post\u2010infectious impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, single\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interdisciplinary Smell and Taste Clinic, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TU<\/jats:styled-content> Dresden (tertiary referral centre).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010nine adult participants with post\u2010infectious olfactory impairment (M : F = 11 : 38, mean age 58.71 \u00b1 11.03 years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory function (odour threshold and identification) before and after treatment as determined using \u201cSniffin' Sticks\u201d. Patients were treated monorhinally with 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> sodium citrate solution. The contralateral nasal cavity was treated with 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> physiological sodium chloride solution, which acted as internal control. Clinical improvement was assumed where threshold or identification score increased by \u22652.5 or 3 points, respectively, or \u22655.5 points together.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in composite threshold + identification scores following treatment with sodium citrate, compared with placebo. This was true for all patients (mean improvement 0.87 \u00b1 2.68 points, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), and on subgroup analysis in those with hyposmia (mean improvement 1.15 \u00b1 2.37 points, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). However, the effect size did not reach clinical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further basic and clinical work is required to fully delineate the effect of intranasal sodium citrate in the treatment of post\u2010infectious olfactory loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T14:57:55Z","timestamp":1479308275000},"page":"557-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The effect of intranasal sodium citrate on olfaction in post\u2010infectious loss: results from a prospective, placebo\u2010controlled trial in 49 patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"K.L.","family":"Whitcroft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste TU Dresden Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rhinology and Facial Plastic Surgery Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital London UK"},{"name":"UCL Ear Institute London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ezzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste TU Dresden Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste TU Dresden Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rhinology and Facial Plastic Surgery Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital London UK"},{"name":"UCL Ear Institute London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Interdisciplinary Center for Smell and Taste TU Dresden Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0807-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"Buck L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90242-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368545a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.266.5189.1348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"21480","article-title":"Ca2+ inhibition of type III adenylyl cyclase in vivo","volume":"270","author":"Wayman G.A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.39.24231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80561-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"The Neurobiology of Olfaction","author":"Pifferi S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Decreasing nasal mucus Ca++ improves hyposmia","volume":"43","author":"Panagiotopoulos G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intranasal sodium citrate improves olfaction in post\u2010viral hyposmia","volume":"54","author":"Whitcroft K.L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0173-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234915.51189.cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.6.643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The administration of nasal drops in the \u201cKaiteki\u201d position allows for delivery of the drug to the olfactory cleft: a pilot study in healthy subjects","volume":"273","author":"Mori E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. 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