{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:11:58Z","timestamp":1759839118347,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saline irrigation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses has a recognised role in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, bacterial recontamination of irrigation bottles through backflow from the sinonasal cavity is a concern in recurrent sinus cavity infections. While patients are encouraged to clean the irrigation bottles regularly, there remains significant concern that the use of contaminated bottles may perpetuate chronic rhinosinusitis. This study assesses the optimal microwave duration to achieve decontamination for each irrigation bottle component part (reservoir, tube and nozzle) using a standard, commercially available microwave. In addition, the irrigation fluid was also tested for contamination after each microwave cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory\u2010based experimental study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>No patients were involved in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage in\u00a0vitro decontamination of the bottles\u2019 components was determined following 30, 60, 90, 120, 150\u00a0seconds of microwave cycles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete decontamination of the bottles was not achieved at any of the tested microwave cycles. Levels of decontamination differed for the different bottle components, and the greatest degree of decontamination for all bottle components occurred at 90\u00a0seconds. Although higher levels of decontamination were observed at microwave durations exceeding 90\u00a0seconds, this was at the expense of thermal degradation and deformation of the reservoir plastic component of the irrigation bottle. Similarly, lowest contamination of irrigation fluid was observed at 120\u00a0seconds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the importance of establishing precise decontamination procedures and recommends a microwave cycle of 90\u00a0seconds for optimal decontamination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T07:55:48Z","timestamp":1502956548000},"page":"261-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing the ideal microwave duration for disinfection of sinus irrigation bottles\u2014A quantitative study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Aintree University Hospital Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7213-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.C.","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Aintree University Hospital Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps","volume":"23","author":"Fokkens W","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000149463.95950.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200007000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"CD006394","article-title":"Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"18","author":"Harvey R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hn.2003.v128.amhn0312811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3880"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"458","article-title":"Identification of bacterial contaminants in sinus irrigation bottles from chronic rhinosinusitis patients","volume":"39","author":"Lewenza S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"NeilMed Pharmaceutical Inc. (2000\u20102017). Disinfection Protocol; available at:http:\/\/www.neilmed.com\/uk\/use_npsr.php&http:\/\/www.neilmed.com\/usa\/use_npsr.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3805"},{"volume-title":"Chapter 1 in Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology","year":"2002","author":"Forbes BA","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.1021-1024.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2398-z"}],"container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcoa.12956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/coa.12956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T18:41:59Z","timestamp":1695494519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/coa.12956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/coa.12956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/coa.12956","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-4478","1749-4486"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1749-4478"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1749-4486"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]}}}