{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:37:19Z","timestamp":1790293039900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simulation provides a safe and effective opportunity to develop surgical skills. A variety of endoscopic sinus surgery (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) simulators has been described in the literature. Validation of these simulators allows for effective utilisation in training.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To conduct a systematic review of the published literature to analyse the evidence for validated\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      simulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Cinahl were searched from inception of the databases to 11 January 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evaluation method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve thousand five hundred and sixteen articles were retrieved of which 10 112 were screened following the removal of duplicates. Thirty\u2010eight full\u2010text articles were reviewed after meeting search criteria. Evidence of face, content, construct, discriminant and predictive validity was extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty articles were included in the analysis describing 12\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      simulators. Eleven of these simulators had undergone validation: 3 virtual reality, 7 physical bench models and 1 cadaveric simulator. Seven of the simulators were shown to have face validity, 7 had construct validity and 1 had predictive validity. None of the simulators demonstrated discriminate validity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This systematic review demonstrates that a number of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      simulators have been comprehensively validated. Many of the validation processes, however, lack standardisation in outcome reporting, thus limiting a meta\u2010analysis comparison between simulators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1513446684000},"page":"812-822","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A systematic review of validated sinus surgery simulators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3000-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Stew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Head and Neck Surgery Flinders Medical Centre Bedford Park SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.\u2010T.","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Head and Neck Surgery Flinders Medical Centre Bedford Park SA 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