{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:08:36Z","timestamp":1770134916841,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate a test of olfactory perception that uses freeze\u2010dried stimuli developed to rapidly release aromas capable of migrating to the olfactory mucosa retronasally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Validation study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychology and Chemistry Departments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, 15 participants provided data for psychometric functions. Second, 70 participants made perceptual judgments of retronasal stimuli. Inclusion criterion included informed consent and a satisfactory Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation result.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, psychometric functions were generated for two types of freeze\u2010dried stimuli (coffee and orange) using the Single\u2010Interval Adjustment Matrix method. Second, participants provided ratings of pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity and performed a standardised identification test using seven retronasally presented aromas alongside the previously validated Sniffin\u2019 Sticks orthonasal olfactory test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychometric functions indicated a dose\u2010response relationship between aroma concentration and probability of detection. Test\u2010retest reliability of the retronasal stimuli was acceptable (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>70<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.72, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and identification scores were not dependent on testing method (ie, retronasal vs Sniffin\u2019 Sticks). Stimuli delivered using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test were rated more pleasant than their retronasal counterparts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Freeze\u2010dried retronasal stimuli offer an easy\u2010to\u2010use and rapid means to test olfaction function and are arguably well suited for clinical practice, but require further development and trialing prior to the adoption in the clinical context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T12:25:20Z","timestamp":1560515120000},"page":"770-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The use of freeze\u2010dried retronasal stimuli to assess olfactory function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Pooja","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences 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