{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:35:15Z","timestamp":1777620915383,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106\u20102314\u2010B\u2010010 \u2010030 \u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106\u20102314\u2010B\u2010010 \u2010030 \u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing evidence supports that auditory feedback of one's own voice closely relates to real\u2010time adjustments of vocal control. Previous studies highlighted that the low\u2010frequency modulations of below 3\u00a0Hz (LFM) embedded in vocal fundamental frequency (F0) showed a reflex\u2010like response to altered auditory inputs. However, the auditory feedback control of different vocal disorders remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional, case\u2010controlled study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A tertiary medical centre.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sustained vocalisations of vowel\/a\/ from adult healthy controls and patients with vocal fold nodules, vocal fold polyps and vocal fold cysts, respectively. The vocalisations were made at a comfortable pitch and at the intensity of 70\u00a0~\u00a080 dBC under the following four auditory conditions: natural hearing, 90\u2010dBC speech noise, 10\u2010dBC enhanced feedback of self\u2010produced voice and both the noise and voice feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Power spectral analysis of F0 contour of sustained vowel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with vocal fold nodules presented with different audio\u2010vocal feedback behaviour and audio\u2010vocal response to speech noise from the other two vocal pathologies of vocal fold polyp and vocal fold cyst as well as the healthy controls (<jats:italic>P\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.001, one\u2010way ANOVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vocal fold nodules may be not only a vocal fold disease but also a disease caused by abnormal audio\u2010vocal feedback. Moreover, the distinct audio\u2010vocal feedback of vocal fold nodules could be revealed by power spectral analysis of vocal fundamental frequencies. Although further investigations are necessary, adjustments of audio\u2010vocal feedback behaviour may provide a new insight and benefit to the treatment of vocal fold nodules in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T08:20:32Z","timestamp":1566462032000},"page":"975-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vocal fold nodules: A disorder of phonation organs or auditory feedback?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Shao\u2010Hsuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Chang Gung University Taoyuan City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen\u2010Fang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Mechatronics College of 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