{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1792098449671,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review the currently available evidence investigating the association between olfactory dysfunction (OD) and the novel coronavirus (COVID\u201019). To analyse the prevalence of OD in patients who have tested positive on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID\u201019. To perform a meta\u2010analysis of patients presenting with olfactory dysfunction, during the pandemic, and to investigate the positive predictive value for a COVID\u201019\u2010positive result in this population. To assess whether olfactory dysfunction could be used as a diagnostic marker for COVID\u201019 positivity and aid public health approaches in tackling the current outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched MedLine (PubMed), Embase, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), Medrxiv, the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane COVID\u201019 Study Register, NIHR Dissemination centre, Clinical Evidence, National Health Service Evidence and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence to identify the current published evidence which associates coronaviridae or similar RNA viruses with anosmia. The initial search identified 157 articles. A total of 145 papers were excluded following application of our exclusion criteria. The 12 remaining articles that presented evidence on the association between COVID\u201019 and olfactory dysfunction were critically analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction has been shown to be the strongest predictor of COVID\u201019 positivity when compared to other symptoms in logistic regression analysis. In patients who had tested positive for COVID\u201019, there was a prevalence of 62% of OD. In populations of patients who are currently reporting OD, there is a positive predictive value of 61% for a positive COVID\u201019 result.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our review has shown that there is already significant evidence which demonstrates an association between OD and the novel coronavirus\u2014COVID\u201019. It is unclear if this finding is unique to this coronavirus as individual viral phenotypes rarely present in such concentrated large numbers. We have demonstrated that OD is comparatively more predictive for COVID\u201019 positivity compared to other associated symptoms. We recommend that people who develop OD during the pandemic should be self\u2010isolate and this guidance should be adopted internationally to prevent transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T01:27:20Z","timestamp":1596331640000},"page":"914-922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Is loss of sense of smell a diagnostic marker in COVID\u201019: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Rocke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department Royal Albert Edward Infirmary Wigan UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology, Guy's Hospital London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Philpott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norfolk Smell &amp; Taste Clinic The Norfolk &amp; Waveney ENT Service Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK"},{"name":"Fifth Sense Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmal","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edge Hill University Medical School WWL Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Wigan UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"HopkinsC KumarN.Loss of sense of smell as a marker of COVID\u201019 infection.https:\/\/www.entuk.org\/. Accessed July 3 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"BarrS.Why are loss of smell and taste reportedly symptoms of COVID\u201019? The Independent.https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life\u2010style\/. 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AAO\u2010HNS 2020.https:\/\/www.entnet.org\/. Accessed July 3 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique","volume":"15","author":"Aksoy F","year":"2014","journal-title":"J LaryngolOtol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CarameloF FerreiraN OliveirosB.Estimation of risk factors for COVID\u201019 mortality \u2013 preliminary results.2020.*Pre\u2010print awaiting peer\u2010review PPR114369.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.24.20027268","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.24.20027268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0916-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22579"},{"issue":"227","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild\u2010to\u2010moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019): a multicenter European study","volume":"06","author":"Lechien JR","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Coincidence of COVID\u201019 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak","volume":"34","author":"Bagheri SH","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Islamic Rep Iran"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.116"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114","article-title":"Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID\u201019 infection. 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