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The olfactory bulb, a major site of convergence in olfactory processing, has shown spatially specific percepts in animal models and reproducible percepts in early human studies. Recent studies have explored multiple surgical approaches varying in invasiveness and safety. Stimulation of structures in the central olfactory system, such as the piriform complex and orbitofrontal cortex, has produced occasional and non\u2010specific olfactory or chemosensory percepts in epilepsy monitoring and deep brain stimulation. Non\u2010invasive and extracranial stimulation strategies remain experimental with minimal validation in living humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that the olfactory bulb is the best\u2010suited target for future olfactory implant development. Its role in early olfactory processing, emerging surgical approaches, and early human feasibility make it the most viable candidate for restoring olfactory percepts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:43:15Z","timestamp":1767400995000},"page":"369-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Olfactory Implants to Restore Smell: Where to Stimulate?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9679-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Whong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6030022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404267048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107541"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-022-01249-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Future Therapeutic Strategies for Olfactory Disorders: Electrical Stimulation, Stem Cell Therapy, and Transplantation of Olfactory Epithelium\u2014An Overview","volume":"69","author":"D\u00f6rig P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin24.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Neuroscience","author":"Purves D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00951-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2023.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200003000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"M.Mantel \u201cInterindividual Variability in Olfactory Experience: An Interdisciplinary Approach\u201d(PhD diss. 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