{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:12:02Z","timestamp":1780481522007,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumour Necrosis factor antagonists is a potent anti\u2010inflammatory medication and has shown to improve olfactory function in murine models. The primary aim was to determine the effect of TNF antagonists on olfactory performance in humans. Secondary aim is to generate pilot data on the suitability of TNF for a randomised controlled trial in patients with smell disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a single centre observatory prospective proof of concept cohort study. Adult patients are recruited from a tertiary rheumatology centre, who are to be initiated on TNF antagonists therapy (adalimumab biosimilar) for the first time. Participants were assessed with a simple questionnaire and a baseline olfactory assessment with the extended Sniffin\u2019 Stick Test. Participants were then brought back after 3\u2009months of treatment for a repeat questionnaire and Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome\n                      <jats:italic>was<\/jats:italic>\n                      to determine the difference between smell test scores in the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks TDI score before and after 3\u2010months of treatment. Secondary outcomes include changes in visual analogue score from baseline to follow\u2010up (questionnaire).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty\u2010three participants were recruited in the study; 21 were lost to follow up and two had stopped taking their medication, hence 40 were included in the analysis. There was no statistically significant improvement in TDI score of all participants at 3\u2009months after treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009=\u20090.08). However, analysis of participants who had olfactory dysfunction at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920, TDI &lt;\u200931 or 30.5 if aged 20\u201330) showed a statistically significant improvement in TDI score after 3\u2009months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009=\u20090.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TNF antagonists have the potential to improve olfactory function in those with olfactory dysfunction and should be subjected to further study in a selected group of patients with olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:26:01Z","timestamp":1770895561000},"page":"504-511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Effect of Tumour Necrosis Factor Antagonist on Olfaction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2872-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Espehana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"},{"name":"Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department James Paget University Hospital, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Great Yarmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8809-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Mairenn","family":"Garden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4513-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabija","family":"Klyvyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavandan","family":"Jegatheeswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0958-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department James Paget University Hospital, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Great Yarmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Philpott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"},{"name":"Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department James Paget University Hospital, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Great Yarmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin22.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4507-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816632177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2017.1329009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.9.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234915.51189.cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0173-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5606\/ArchRheumatol.2019.6752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2010.517547"}],"container-title":["Clinical Otolaryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/coa.70093","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/coa.70093","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/coa.70093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:23:26Z","timestamp":1780478606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/coa.70093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/coa.70093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/coa.70093","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/COA.70093\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1749-4478","1749-4486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-4478","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-4486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}