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However, a systematic to evaluate the efficacy of active NIBS versus sham stimulation in reducing body weight and food cravings in patients with obesity is not available. We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Control Trial between January 1990 and February 2022. Mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcome variables with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to examine the effects of NIBS on body weight and body mass index (BMI), whereas the hedges's <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> test was used to measure the effects on food craving. Nineteen RCTs involving 571 participants were included in this study. Active neurostimulation (TMS and tDCS) was significantly more likely than sham stimulation to reduce body weight (TMS: \u22123.29\u2009kg, 95% CI [\u22125.32, \u22121.26]; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200948%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; tDCS: \u22120.82\u2009kg, 95% CI [\u22121.01, \u22120.62]; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.0%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.00) and BMI (TMS: \u22120.74, 95% CI [\u22121.17, \u22120.31]; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090% <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.00; tDCS: MD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.55, 95% CI [\u22122.32, 1.21]; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090% <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.54) as well as food cravings (TMS: <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.91, 95% CI [\u22121.68, \u22120.14]; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200988 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.00; tDCS: <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.32, 95% CI [\u22120.62, \u22120.02]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04). Compared with sham stimulation, our findings indicate that active NIBS can significantly help to reduce body weight and food cravings. Hence, these novel techniques may be used as primary or adjunct tools in treating patients with obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T08:58:14Z","timestamp":1692003494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The use of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation techniques to reduce body weight and food cravings: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1770-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef Abdullah","family":"Alhindi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC\u2010Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"East Midlands Bariatric Metabolic Institute Royal Derby Hospital  Derby UK"},{"name":"Division of Applied Medical Sciences University of Hail  Hail Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's University Department of Psychiatry  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Al\u2010Khyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Midlands Bariatric Metabolic Institute Royal Derby Hospital  Derby UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7548-8288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskandar","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC\u2010Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"East Midlands Bariatric Metabolic Institute Royal Derby Hospital  Derby UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation.World Obesity Atlas 2022 | World Obesity Federation. 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