{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:17:54Z","timestamp":1792664274593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Conservation Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Conservation of sea snakes is virtually nonexistent in Asia, and its role in human\u2013snake interactions in terms of catch, trade, and snakebites as an occupational hazard is mostly unexplored. We collected data on sea snake landings from the Gulf of Thailand, a hotspot for sea snake harvest by squid fishers operating out of the ports of Song Doc and Khanh Hoi, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam. The data were collected during documentation of the steps of the trading process and through interviewers with participants in the trade. Squid vessels return to ports once per lunar synodic cycle and fishers sell snakes to merchants who sort, package, and ship the snakes to various destinations in Vietnam and China for human consumption and as a source of traditional remedies. Annually, 82 t, roughly equal to 225,500 individuals, of live sea snakes are brought to ports. To our knowledge, this rate of harvest constitutes one of the largest venomous snake and marine reptile harvest activities in the world today.\n                    <jats:italic>Lapemis curtus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Hydrophis cyanocinctus<\/jats:italic>\n                    constituted about 85% of the snake biomass, and\n                    <jats:italic>Acalyptophis peronii, Aipysurus eydouxii, Hydrophis atriceps, H. belcheri, H. lamberti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>H. ornatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    made up the remainder. Our results establish a quantitative baseline for characteristics of catch, trade, and uses of sea snakes. Other key observations include the timing of the trade to the lunar cycle, a decline of sea snakes harvested over the study period (approximately 30% decline in mass over 4 years), and the treatment of sea snake bites with rhinoceros horn. Emerging markets in Southeast Asia drive the harvest of venomous sea snakes in the Gulf of Thailand and sea snake bites present a potentially lethal occupational hazard. We call for implementation of monitoring programs to further address the conservation implications of this large\u2010scale marine reptile exploitation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cosecha de Serpientes Marinas en el Golfo de Tailandia<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T10:04:21Z","timestamp":1415700261000},"page":"1677-1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Sea Snake Harvest in the Gulf of Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"NGUYEN","family":"VAN CAO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NGUYEN","family":"THIEN TAO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam National Museum of Nature Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AMELIA","family":"MOORE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department University of Miami  P.O. Box 248106 Coral Gables FL 33124 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALFRED","family":"MONTOYA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology Trinity University One Trinity Place  San Antonio TX 78212 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ARNE","family":"REDSTED RASMUSSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture Design and Conservation  Esplanaden 34 DK\u20101263 Copenhagen K Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KENNETH","family":"BROAD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami  4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami FL 33149 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HAROLD K.","family":"VORIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amphibians and Reptiles Field Museum of Natural History  1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZOLTAN","family":"TAKACS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago  929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-007-9305-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Anonym.2011.Hunting sea snake as \u201csuper\u2010aphrodisiac.\u201d VietNamNet Bridge. 2011 December 7 Ha Noi Vietnam."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Lapemis curtus (Serpentes: Elapidae) harvested in West Malaysia","author":"Auliya M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sea Snake Specialist Group Newsletter"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Homalopsid snakes: evolution in the mud","author":"Brooks S. 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