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Unlike other top ant invaders that negatively affect larger fauna via chemical defensive compounds, the Argentine ant (\n                    <jats:italic>Linepithema humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) does not have a functional sting. Nonetheless, it deploys defensive compounds against competitors and adversaries. We estimated levels of ant aggression toward 3 native terrestrial amphibians by challenging juveniles in field ant trails and in lab ant foraging arenas. We measured the composition and quantities of toxin in\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    by analyzing pygidial glands and whole\u2010body contents. We examined the mechanisms of toxicity in juvenile amphibians by quantifying the toxin in amphibian tissues, searching for histological damages, and calculating toxic doses for each amphibian species. To determine the potential scope of the threat to amphibians, we used global databases to estimate the number, ranges, and conservation status of terrestrial amphibian species with ranges that overlap those of\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Juvenile amphibians co\u2010occurring spatially and temporally with\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    die when they encounter\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    on an ant trail. In the lab, when a juvenile amphibian came in contact with\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    the ants reacted quickly to spray pygidial\u2010gland venom onto the juveniles. Iridomyrmecin was the toxic compound in the spray. Following absorption, it accumulated in brain, kidney, and liver tissue. Toxic dose for amphibian was species dependent. Worldwide, an estimated 817 terrestrial amphibian species overlap in range with\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 6.2% of them are classified as threatened. Our findings highlight the high potential of\n                    <jats:italic>L. humile<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom to negatively affect amphibian juveniles and provide a basis for exploring the largely overlooked impacts this ant has in its wide invasive range.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T07:18:30Z","timestamp":1598599110000},"page":"216-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of the Argentine ant venom on terrestrial amphibians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Alvarez\u2010Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. Americo Vespucio 26 Sevilla 41092 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xim","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. Americo Vespucio 26 Sevilla 41092 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Hefetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences School of Zoology Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv IL\u201069978 Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Boulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais  CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont Tours 37200 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Bert\u00f3\u2010Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. Americo Vespucio 26 Sevilla 41092 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. Americo Vespucio 26 Sevilla 41092 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Lenoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais  CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont Tours 37200 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Billen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution Department of Biology  Naamsestraat 59, box 2466 Leuven 3000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Christoph","family":"Liedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. Americo Vespucio 26 Sevilla 41092 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh R.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture  BLDG 007, BARC\u2010West, 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganga","family":"Bhagavathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture  BLDG 007, BARC\u2010West, 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana CSIC  Avda. 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