{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:01:17Z","timestamp":1773356477999,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Conservation Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reconciling conservation goals with sustainable resource use requires adaptive management strategies. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates global trade for species listed on Appendix II, partly by requiring member countries (parties) to ensure exports do not damage wild populations (called making positive \u201cnondetriment findings\u201d [NDFs]). Unfortunately, when parties find NDFs difficult, they often suspend legal trade, imposing economic costs and driving trade underground. To make it easier for parties to examine the detrimental nature of exports, we devised a spatial approach and applied it to seahorses (\n                    <jats:italic>Hippocampus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) in Tamil Nadu, India, as an example. Our approach involves mapping answers to 5 key questions on species distribution (QA), pressures (QB), management measures (QC), management implementation (QD), and species\u2019 population status (QE). We gathered data from fisher interviews and published literature. Seahorse abundance was greatest in southern Palk Bay and the northern Gulf of Mannar, primarily in seagrasses and coral reefs (QA). Fishing pressure was highest in Palk Bay, primarily from bottom trawlers and dragnetters operating in shallow seahorse habitats near the coastline (QB). Management measures including a marine protected area (MPA), bottom trawl exclusion zone, and closed season were theoretically in place (QC), but their implementation was poor (QD). Fishers reported seahorse catches in 85% of the area covered by the MPA and the exclusion zone; bottom trawlers were responsible for most violations. Seahorses were also captured in Sri Lankan waters, where bottom trawling is banned. Fisher reports indicated declining seahorse catches and reduced body sizes (QE), highlighting unsustainable exploitation. Our results highlight the need for better implementation of existing management measures before a positive NDF can be made and suggest mitigation beyond bans. Such pragmatic spatial analyses can help regulate exports at sustainable levels, supporting CITES implementation for its vast range of species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T10:42:43Z","timestamp":1725878563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A practical approach to meeting national obligations for sustainable trade under CITES"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Vaidyanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Seahorse The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6891-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Seahorse The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ramkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Studies Madurai Kamaraj University  Madurai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda C. J.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Seahorse The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"CITES and CBNRM: Proceedings of an International Symposium on \u201cthe Relevance of CBNRM to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of CITES\u2010Listed Species in Exporting Countries\u201d","author":"Abensperg\u2010Traun M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12117-023-09490-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280\u2010021\u201001675\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Status of dugong (Dugong dugon) in Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"44","author":"Anand Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Geo\u2010Marine Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13451"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-016-1248-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Traditional ecological knowledge: Concepts and cases","author":"Berkes F.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2018.1558716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Trade in wildlife: Regulation for conservation","author":"Broad S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Sustainable fishery systems","author":"Charles A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2012).Evaluation of the Review of Significant Trade: Case studies(AC26\/PC20 Doc. 7).https:\/\/www.cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/com\/ac\u2010pc\/AC26\u2010PC20\/E\u2010AC26\u2010PC20\u201007.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2013).Resolution Conf. 16.7 (Rev. CoP17) on non\u2010detriment findings.https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/E\u2010Res\u201016\u201007\u2010R17_0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2016).Summary record of the sixty\u2010sixth meeting of the Standing Committee.https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/com\/sc\/66\/ExSum\/E\u2010SC66\u2010SR.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2018).Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) on CITES\u2014A roadmap to success(CoP18 Doc. 72).https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/cop\/18\/doc\/E\u2010CoP18\u2010072.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2022a).List of parties to the convention.https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/disc\/parties\/index.php"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2022b).Review of Significant Trade (RST).https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/imp\/sigtradereview"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2022c).Next steps toward successful implementation of Appendix\u2010II Listing of Seahorses(CoP19 Doc. 69.2).https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E\u2010CoP19\u201069\u201002.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). (2022d).Seahorses\u2014Report of the Secretariat(SC74 Doc. 70.1).https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/com\/sc\/74\/E\u2010SC74\u201070\u201001.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"Coyne C. J. &Hall A. R.(2017).Four decades and counting: The continued failure of the war on drugs. 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