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We conducted the first global assessment of how the 195 countries that ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity self\u2010report on this contribution based on a full content analysis of all of the 2 most recent national reports (NR5 and NR6). The number of countries self\u2010reporting IP&amp;LC and TK roles in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity increased between the 2 reporting periods and exceeded 55% for NR6. The mention of IP&amp;LC and TK contribution to cultivation and domestication was slightly higher; 59% of countries provided evidence of recognition of this contribution in their NR6. Reference to the holders themselves was much lower, even in the case of cultivation and domestication, and explicit evidence of IP&amp;LC involvement in reporting was minimal, particularly in developed countries. Several reports, particularly European submissions, mentioned traditional land use or community\u2010based practices but considered addressing IP&amp;LCs and TK irrelevant due to terminology confusion. Ahead of the next reporting (NR7), due in 2026, and in line with the Kunming\u2013Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which recognizes IP&amp;LCs and TK as integral to its goals, we urge governments to strengthen engagement with IP&amp;LCs and other TK holders, develop and respect partnerships that incorporate their knowledge, practices, and rights, support IP&amp;LC\u2010led conservation, and build on these partnerships in monitoring and reporting on national progress. We aimed to support this process with short\u2010term practical recommendations for upcoming reporting and longer\u2010term strategic guidance and a dataset of illustrative quotes from the analyzed national reports as examples of good practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:13:31Z","timestamp":1767690811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global overview of progress in respecting the contributions of traditional knowledge in biodiversity governance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3142-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"\u00d6llerer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN\u2010REN Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy  Bucharest Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pernilla","family":"Malmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SwedBio, Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7673-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Bir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN\u2010REN Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Shulbaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"selkup Indigenous representative from Central Siberia Center for Support of Indigenous Peoples of the North  Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Convention on Biological Diversity Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on the New Programme of Work and Institutional Arrangements on Article 8(j) and Other Provisions of the Convention Related to Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio Farhan","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Peoples Programme  Moreton\u2010in\u2010Marsh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneetha M.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"B\u00e1ldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN\u2010REN Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN\u2010REN Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"},{"name":"Convention on Biological Diversity Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on the New Programme of Work and Institutional Arrangements on Article 8(j) and Other Provisions of the Convention Related to Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"People, parks and poverty: Political ecology and biodiversity conservation","volume":"5","author":"Adams W. 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(1992).Convention on Biological Diversity: Text and annexes.Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/legal\/cbd\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2016).Analysis of targets established by Parties and progress toward the Aichi Biodiversity Targets as of 3 March 2016.Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/impact\/assessment\u2010table\u20102016\u201004\u201022\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"CBD Alliance. (2024).Survey on rights holders and civil society participation in NBSAPs process preliminary highlights.ECO.https:\/\/www.cbd\u2010alliance.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024\u201007\/ECO%206\u2010%20SBI4.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2010a).Decision X\/2. The strategic plan for biodiversity 2011\u20132020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets(UNEP\/CBD\/COP\/DEC\/X\/2).Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201010\/cop\u201010\u2010dec\u201002\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2010b).Decision X\/10. National reporting: Review of experience and proposals for the fifth national report(UNEP\/CBD\/COP\/DEC\/X\/10).Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201010\/cop\u201010\u2010dec\u201010\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2014).Decision XII\/12. 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Mechanisms for planning monitoring reporting and review(CBD\/COP\/DEC\/15\/6).Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201015\/cop\u201015\u2010dec\u201006\u2010en.pdf(Annex II\u2014Guidance and draft template for the seventh and eighth national report.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/nr\/Annex%20II%20(decision15\u20106).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2024a).Decision 16\/4. Programme of work on Article 8(j) and other provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity related to indigenous peoples and local communities to 2030(CBD\/COP\/DEC\/16\/4).Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201016\/cop\u201016\u2010dec\u201004\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2024b).Decision 16\/5. 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Mechanisms for planning monitoring reporting and review including the global review of collective progress in the implementation of the Kunming\u2010Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be conducted at the seventeenth and nineteenth meetings of the Conference of the Parties(CBD\/COP\/DEC\/16\/32).Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201016\/cop\u201016\u2010dec\u201032\u2010en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-011-0141-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8826"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Whose knowledge, whose nature? biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements","volume":"5","author":"Escobar A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Political Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). 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