{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:59:58Z","timestamp":1790845198206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Conservation Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In multiuse areas outside formal protection, sustaining both wildlife and people is critical to wildlife conservation and coexistence efforts. Botswana's Kalahari hosts one of sub\u2010Saharan Africa\u2019s largest unprotected areas supporting free\u2010ranging wildlife. The role of multiuse areas as a wildlife habitat and movement corridor is increasingly threatened by land\u2010use change, particularly the expansion of sedentary livestock farming. In light of these changes, updated information on wildlife status and their use of these areas is lacking. Leveraging the Kalahari's sandy substrate and Indigenous tracking skills, we demonstrated the potential of animal track surveys for large\u2010scale wildlife monitoring. We conducted biannual surveys over 3\u00a0years across 22,000\u00a0km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of multiuse wildlife management areas and used the Formozov\u2013Malyshev\u2013Pereleshin formula approach\u2014a population density estimator\u2014to collect large herbivore and carnivore track data. We analyzed 22,793 tracks from 13 species collected over 6222\u00a0km of transects with three objectives: estimate species population densities, identify key environmental predictors of their spatial variation, and derive predictive maps to highlight higher wildlife density areas. Although some herbivores declined, no changes in carnivore densities were detected over the study period. Cattleposts were negatively associated with most species, whereas burned areas showed contrasting associations with herbivore and carnivore densities. Vegetation characteristics and distance to mineral pans were also often associated with species density. The region still supports large wildlife and potential movement pathways\u2014albeit less than in the past\u2014especially away from human activity. We identified key areas for preservation in future land\u2010use planning, with potential to also support nature\u2010based livelihood development. Where tracking substrates and Indigenous knowledge coexist around the world, track\u2010based monitoring can effectively inform conservation. Its cultural and economic benefits to local communities, in addition to relational engagement with the natural world, may also contribute to human\u2013wildlife coexistence, uphold land rights, and support community\u2010led resource management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:34:31Z","timestamp":1790843671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Indigenous knowledge and modern statistical approaches to model wildlife density based on animal track counts"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Charlotte","family":"Gielen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010la\u2010Neuve Belgium"},{"name":"Conservation Research Department Cheetah Conservation Botswana  Gaborone Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiko","family":"Johannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Hanahai  Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njoxlau","family":"Kashe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bere  Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glam","family":"Khumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bere  Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horekwe (Karoha)","family":"Langwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kacgae  Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoro","family":"Zoronxhogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Hanahai  Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoriia","family":"Radchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Schtickzelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010la\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.24.485545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Anderson S. 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(1986).Wildlife Conservation Policy (A paper on the utilization of the wildlife resource of Botswana on a sustainable basis)\u2014Government paper 1 of 1986.Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"Government of Botswana. (2024).Public notice as per Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act (Act n\u00b028 of 1992): Wildlife hunting quota 2025.Department of Wildlife and National Parks."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749\u20104877.12322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3828\/hgr.2016.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2022.107490","article-title":"Economics without ecology: How the SDGs fail to align socioeconomic development with environmental sustainability","volume":"199","author":"Hametner M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.70015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102664.12408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017348\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Science\u2010Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). 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Under UNDP Kgalagadi & Ghanzi Drylands Ecosystem Project: Managing the human\u2010wildlife interface to sustain the flow of agro\u2010ecosystem services and prevent illegal trafficking in the Kgalagadi and Ghanzi Drylands.Karunya Consulting."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Keeping D. Kaszta Z. &Cushman S. A.(2022a).Kalahari Wildlife Landscape Connectivity Analysis\u2014Phase 1 Report.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Kgalagadi\u2010Ghanzi Drylands Ecosystem Project."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"Keeping D. Kaszta Z. &Cushman S. 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