{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:05:52Z","timestamp":1775811952834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Dimethylfumarate (DMF) was the cause of a major outbreak of allergic contact dermatitis as a consequence of its use as an antifungal agent in leather products, particularly in furniture, with what became known as \u2018toxic sofa dermatitis'.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives.<\/jats:bold> To determine whether the frequency and severity of reactions to DMF arose as a function of its intrinsic potency and\/or the nature and extent of exposure.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> The intrinsic potency of DMF was measured with the standard local lymph node assay (LLNA), with determination of an EC3 value, which is the threshold in the LLNA and serves as an indicator of relative skin\u2010sensitizing potency in humans.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> The EC3 value for DMF was 0.35% when tested in dimethylformamide as a vehicle, indicating that DMF is a strong, but not an extreme, skin sensitizer in this mouse model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> DMF appears to have a sensitizing potency in the mouse that is very similar to that of formaldehyde, which is also a strong human skin sensitizer. However, the frequency and intensity of allergic contact dermatitis reactions to DMF suggest that it was the prolonged, repeated and occlusive exposure to this chemical over large skin areas, combined with the strong sensitizing potency, that generated the \u2018perfect storm\u2019 conditions that caused the DMF epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T04:46:40Z","timestamp":1366087600000},"page":"269-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dimethylfumarate: potency prediction and clinical experience"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Basketter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence G.","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary R.","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","volume-title":"Patch Testing","author":"de Groot A C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000411607"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10629369408029901"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2005.05040"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2009.09038","article-title":"Historical local lymph node data for the evaluation of skin sensitisation alternatives: a second compilation.","volume":"21","author":"Kern P S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2008.07018","article-title":"Preservatives and skin sensitisation quantitative risk assessment: risk benefit considerations.","volume":"19","author":"Basketter D A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569520903351151"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","first-page":"40.","article-title":"An investigation of the cause of sofa dermatitis, results and the discovery of a new sensitizer.","volume":"58","author":"Foulds I.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.01978.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Commission Decision of 17 March 2009 requiring Member States to ensure that products containing the biocide dimethylfumarate are not placed or made available on the market.","volume":"52","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2009.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","volume-title":"OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals, Guideline 429: Skin Sensitisation: Local Lymph Node Assay","author":"OECD.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(199907\/08)19:4<261::AID-JAT572>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00278.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","unstructured":"LewcockA.Payout for \u2018toxic sofa\u2019 victims.Chemistry World2010. Available at:http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/chemistryworld\/News\/2010\/April\/27041002.asp(last accessed 21 August 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.594800"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000247116"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1966.160","article-title":"The identification of contact allergens by human assay III. The maximization test: a procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers.","volume":"47","author":"Kligman A M.","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","first-page":"146","article-title":"Determination of dimethylfumarate and analogues sensitization potential in in vivo and in vitro models.","volume":"28","author":"Mourton\u2010Gilles C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Altex"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01634989-199009000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/AC.2000.6344"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T19:19:00Z","timestamp":1697656740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12007","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]}}}