{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:15:03Z","timestamp":1777860903211,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel\u2010plated steel coins have recently been introduced in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the performance and allergy risk of the new nickel\u2010plated coins (five and ten pence) with those of the cupro\u2010nickel coins being replaced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coin handling studies with assessment of skin exposure and metal release in artificial sweat were performed. Six volunteers participated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The amount of nickel deposited onto skin during the handling of nickel\u2010plated coins for 1\u2009hr was 7.5\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, four times higher than that from cupro\u2010nickel coins. The nickel content in the oxidized surface of nickel\u2010plated coins was higher, explaining the higher skin dose. Initial nickel release rates were 10\u201327 times higher than 1\u2010week rates, emphasizing that brief and repeated contact results in significant nickel exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel\u2010plated coins deposit higher levels of nickel onto skin than cupro\u2010nickel coins, and hence pose an increased allergy risk. One\u2010week release in artificial sweat is not suitable for determining the risk of handling items with high nickel release that come into short, repeated contact with the skin. The nickel skin dose is recommended for risk assessment. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> citizens are now, because of this change in coinage, unnecessarily exposed to higher levels of nickel on the skin. This is of public health concern.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T11:05:46Z","timestamp":1369220746000},"page":"323-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["New <scp>UK<\/scp> nickel\u2010plated steel coins constitute an increased allergy and eczema risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Anneli","family":"Julander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Midander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Herting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry KTH Royal Institute of Technology  100 44 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John's Institute of Dermatology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Odnevall Wallinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry KTH Royal Institute of Technology  100 44 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Institute of Environmental Medicine  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2730"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Reference Test Method for Release of Nickel from Products Intended to Come into Direct and Prolonged Contact with the Skin. EN 1811 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"The Royal Mint.Study report. Comparison of nickel release. Nickel plated steel UK 5p\/10p and cupronickel UK 5p\/10p coins. Hawkins PJ 18 July 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Swedish Riksbank.Formats materials and colours. Report from the banknote and coin project Ref. no. 2008\u2010286\u2010ADM 10 March 2011. 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