{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:28:30Z","timestamp":1778851710697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>No observed event is a special, but not uncommon, result in patch test studies. The interpretation of such findings depends critically on the sample size (n) of the investigation, and is statistically addressed by the use of confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIs<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To define the statistically correct method of calculating a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> with a confidence level of 1\u2009\u2212\u2009<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, where <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> denotes the tolerated statistical error probability, for an observed prevalence of 0%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature survey and evaluation of the statistical methods was conducted. The popular statistical software packages <jats:sc>spss<\/jats:sc>\u2122 and <jats:sc>sas<\/jats:sc>\u2122 were examined with regard to the methods implemented, and the results obtained, for estimating such <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIs<\/jats:styled-content> in this special case.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evaluation identified [0; 1\u2009\u2212\u2009<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>1\/n<\/jats:sup>], which is well approximated by [0; 3\/n] for <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05, as an appropriate method to compute a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> with a confidence level of 1\u2009\u2212\u2009<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>. The resulting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> is an exact one, and more efficient than standard solutions. Popular statistical software such as <jats:sc>spss<\/jats:sc>\u2122 and <jats:sc>sas<\/jats:sc>\u2122 offers only various inefficient or even invalid procedures, but does not include this method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is easy to calculate a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> for an observed prevalence of 0% obtained in some studies. Such a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> facilitates the interpretation of such a finding, as it puts the observed zero result into adequate statistical perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T09:20:42Z","timestamp":1373880042000},"page":"350-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["What can be learnt from nothing?\u2009\u2013\u2009A statistical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Olaf","family":"Gefeller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg 91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette B.","family":"Pfahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg 91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg 91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732209"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/26.4.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Some remarks on confidence or fiducial limits","volume":"41","author":"Sterne T E","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330370053031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2685405"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2685469"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Sociological Methodology","author":"Rubin D B","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"644","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics 20 Algorithms","author":"Anonymous","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478343"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01759.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3471"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02037.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","unstructured":"SCCP.Opinion concerning the predictive testing of potentially cutaneous sensiting cosmetic ingredients or mixtures of ingredients adopted by the SCCNFP during the 11th plenary session of 17 February 2000 2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"S93","article-title":"Fragrance material review on 4\u2010methyl\u20103\u2010decen\u20105\u2010ol","volume":"48","author":"McGinty D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T08:23:18Z","timestamp":1696321398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12112","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]}}}