{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:56:53Z","timestamp":1791331013836,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,20]],"date-time":"2013-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental and clinical studies have shown that fragrance substances can act as prehaptens or prohaptens. They form allergens that are more potent than the parent substance by activation outside or in the skin via abiotic (chemical and physical factors) and\/or biotic activation, thus, increasing the risk of sensitization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In the present review a series of fragrance substances with well documented abiotic and\/or biotic activation are given as indicative and illustrative examples of the general problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Commonly used fragrance substances, also found in essential oils, autoxidize on contact with air, forming potent sensitizers that can be an important source for contact allergy to fragrances and fragranced products. Some of them can act as prohaptens and be activated in the skin as well. The experimental findings are confirmed in large clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>When substances with structural alerts for acting as prohaptens and\/or prehaptens are identified, the possibility of generating new potent allergens should be considered. Predictive testing should include activation steps. Further experimental and clinical research regarding activation of fragrance substances is needed to increase consumer safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T20:59:31Z","timestamp":1381525171000},"page":"323-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Activation of non\u2010sensitizing or low\u2010sensitizing fragrance substances into potent sensitizers\u2009\u2013\u2009prehaptens and prohaptens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ann\u2010Therese","family":"Karlberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg SE\u2010412 96 Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"B\u00f6rje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg SE\u2010412 96 Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Duus Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen DK\u20102900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet SE\u2010171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg 91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cutaneous Allergy St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital London SE1 7EH 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