{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1782125357396,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,15]],"date-time":"2014-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epicutaneous patch tests are used to reproduce allergy and diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. Reliable allergen test preparations are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to measure the actual concentrations of nickel(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>) sulfate  hexahydrate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NiSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>), methyl methacrylate, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde, and to compare them with the labelled concentrations, in commercial patch test allergen preparations found in dermatology clinics where patch testing is routinely performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The commercial in\u2010date and out\u2010of\u2010date patch test allergen preparations concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NiSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>, methyl methacrylate, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde from one to three participating clinics were analysed with chromatographic or wet chemical techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NiSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> and formaldehyde concentrations were at or above the labelled concentrations; however, formaldehyde loss occurred with storage. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NiSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> particulate was uniformly distributed throughout the petrolatum. \u2018In\u2010use\u2019 methyl methacrylate reagent syringes all contained \u2264\u200956% of the 2% label concentration, with no observable relationship with expiration date. Lower methyl methacrylate cocentrations were consistently measured at the syringe tip end, suggesting loss resulting from methyl methacrylate's volatility. The concentrations of glutaraldehyde patch test allergen preparations ranged from 27% to 45% of the labelled (1% in pet.) concentration, independently of expiration date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some false\u2010negative methyl methacrylate, formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde patch test results may be attributable to instability of the test preparations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,15]],"date-time":"2014-04-15T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1397544220000},"page":"309-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Concentrations and stability of methyl methacrylate, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and nickel sulfate in commercial patch test allergen preparations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology University of Louisville  Louisville KY 40202 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon F.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Warshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN 55417 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland OH 44195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.045003151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.440103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.0459g.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2011.10083","article-title":"Correlation between stated and measured concentrations of acrylate and methacrylate allergens in patch\u2010test preparations","volume":"22","author":"Goon A T","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","unstructured":"Kennedy E R.Formaldehyde by VIS method #3500 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) 1994. 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