{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:17:50Z","timestamp":1772223470579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contact sensitization to cobalt is common. Some industrial exposures have been identified, but cobalt allergy is also often diagnosed in \u2018non\u2010occupational\u2019 patients. Exposure of consumers is largely unexplained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To present the analytical results on cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery sampled in a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ederal surveillance scheme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman state laboratories analysed cobalt release, after immersion in artificial sweat according to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EN<\/jats:styled-content> 1811, along with nickel release in 87 pieces of jewellery, which were mostly taken apart for separate examination of piercing posts (n\u2009=\u2009139), clasps (n\u2009=\u200951), and\/or decorative items (n\u2009=\u200952). The distribution of cobalt release was described by the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>aplan\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>eier analysis, taking into account that the majority of measurements were left\u2010censored, that is, below the limit of quantification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010eight of 87 earrings and piercing jewellery items had at least one part releasing cobalt. The median cobalt release was estimated as 0.013\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week, and 75% of parts released up to 0.085\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week. Release varied somewhat between the three parts, with, for example, 22.1% of posts releasing \u2265\u20090.2\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery, in particular from piercing posts, is considerable. Scientifically based exposure limits should be set, as in the case of nickel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T09:07:03Z","timestamp":1396429623000},"page":"369-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery \u2013 analytical results of a <scp>G<\/scp>erman survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety Institute for Consumer Products D\u201021339 L\u00fcneburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin\u2010Brandenburg State Laboratory D\u201010557 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries Mecklenburg\u2010Vorpommern D\u201018059 Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1978.tb03757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils","volume":"25","author":"Wahlberg J E","year":"1977","journal-title":"Berufsdermatosen"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meg080"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajcd.2000.7186"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00693.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-199X(00)90031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.0592a.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12141"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Berichte zur Lebensmittelsicherheit 2008\u2009\u2013\u2009Bundesweiter \u00dcberwachungsplan","author":"Wolter J","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e318250c354"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Measurement of nickel, cobalt and chromium in toy make\u2010up by atomic absorption spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Corazza M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T07:40:25Z","timestamp":1696578025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]}}}