{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:32:13Z","timestamp":1791048733520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]],"date-time":"2014-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) based dental alloys have been associated with oral disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>This study was designed to explore possible associations between the presence of A<\/jats:styled-content>u\u2010based and P<\/jats:styled-content>d\u2010based dental alloys, and oral lesions, systemic complaints, and specific in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic> and in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic> immune responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The investigated population consisted of three groups: 26 non\u2010metal\u2010allergic volunteers, 25 metal\u2010allergic patients, and 20 oral disease patients. Medical histories were taken, oral examinations were carried out, and compositions of all dental alloys were determined. Then, A<\/jats:styled-content>u and P<\/jats:styled-content>d patch tests and in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic> assays were performed, revealing cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells [T helper (T<\/jats:styled-content>h)1, interferon\u2010\u03b3; T<\/jats:styled-content>h2, interleukin (IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20105 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013] and lymphocyte proliferation (LTT\u2010MELISA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Non\u2010plaque\u2010related gingivitis was associated with the presence of P<\/jats:styled-content>d\u2010based dental alloys, and P<\/jats:styled-content>d\u2010positive patch tests and in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic> assays. Collectively, participants with P<\/jats:styled-content>d\u2010based dental alloys showed increased P<\/jats:styled-content>d patch test reactivity (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05) and lymphoproliferation (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05). In contrast, oral lichenoid lesions were associated with A<\/jats:styled-content>u\u2010based alloys (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05), but this was not reflected by A<\/jats:styled-content>u\u2010specific immunoreactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Oral lesions and P<\/jats:styled-content>d\u2010induced immune responses are associated with the presence of dental alloys. However, most oral disease patients did not show positive patch test results or in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic> signs of specific immunoreactivity, suggesting local toxic reactions or the involvement of innate immune responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]],"date-time":"2014-05-22T07:38:43Z","timestamp":1400744323000},"page":"82-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Palladium\u2010based dental alloys are associated with oral disease and palladium\u2010induced immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Joris","family":"Muris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials Science Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & VU University Amsterdam Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004 1081 LA Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik J.","family":"Scheper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology VU University Medical Centre De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis J.","family":"Kleverlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials Science Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam & VU University Amsterdam Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004 1081 LA Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rustemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Centre De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid M. 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