{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:54:56Z","timestamp":1790297696831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cobalt contact sensitization in consecutively tested patients is common. The sources of exposure, and thus clinical relevance, are mostly unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine (i) long\u2010term time trends of sensitization, (ii) risk factors that may point to relevant exposures, and (iii) coupling with nickel sensitization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data of all patients patch tested with cobalt(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>) chloride hexahydrate (1% pet.) between 1992 and 2012 (n = 185 050) in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nformation <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>etwork of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>epartments of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ermatology (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVDK<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ivkd.org\">www.ivkd.org<\/jats:ext-link>) were subjected to descriptive stratified and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>oisson regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of positive patch test reactions was 5.23% (95% confidence interal 5.13\u20135.33%). Regarding time trends, there were significant increases for males aged 18\u201344 years and for females aged \u226545 years, and a significant variation of co\u2010reactivity with nickel over time. Female sex almost doubled the risk of sensitization; age \u226545 years was associated with a 30% decrease in the risk of positive patch test reactions to cobalt, and atopic eczema with an approximately 20% increase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Notwithstanding some diagnostic difficulties with the test preparation, a persistent, notable proportion of cobalt sensitization, isolated or coupled with nickel allergy, can be observed. This warrants further in\u2010depth research into causative exposures, both at the workplace and in consumers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T07:59:08Z","timestamp":1410508748000},"page":"326-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Contact sensitization to cobalt \u2013 multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on long\u2010term data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg  D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Gefeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg  D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Network of Departments of Dermatology University of G\u00f6ttingen  D\u201037075 G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Schnuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Network of Departments of Dermatology University of G\u00f6ttingen  D\u201037075 G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No. 552\/2009 of 22 June 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII","volume":"164","author":"Anonymous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off J L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No. 301\/2014 of 25 March 2014 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No. 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards chromium VI compounds","volume":"90","author":"Anonymous","year":"2014","journal-title":"Off J L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1978.tb03757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02035-3_45"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e31826e4591"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-199X(00)90031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.46.s4.29_102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02834.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.06787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/DBP53107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2014. 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