{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:15:09Z","timestamp":1791422109813,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KI research foundations","award":["2013fobi37277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013fobi37277"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Research foundation","award":["2013014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013014"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare (FORTE)","award":["2013-0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-0054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Approximately 1\u20133% of the adult population in Europe is allergic to chromium (Cr<\/jats:styled-content>). A new restriction in REACH<\/jats:styled-content> (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) based on the ISO<\/jats:styled-content> 17075 standard has recently been adopted in the EU<\/jats:styled-content> to limit Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) in consumer and occupational leather products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>The aim of this study was to critically assess key experimental parameters in this standard on the release of Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(III<\/jats:styled-content>) and Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) and their relevance for skin exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and methods<\/jats:title>Four differently tanned, unfinished, leather samples were systematically investigated for their release of Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(III<\/jats:styled-content>) and Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) in relation to surface area, key exposure parameters, temperature, ultraviolet irradiation, and time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Although the total release of Cr<\/jats:styled-content> was largely unaffected by all investigated parameters, except exposure duration and temperature, the Cr<\/jats:styled-content> oxidation state was highly dynamic, with reduced amounts of released Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) with time, owing to the simultaneous release of reducing agents from the leather. Significantly more Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(III<\/jats:styled-content>) than Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) was released from the Cr<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tanned leather for all conditions tested, and it continued to be released in artificial sweat up to at least 1 week of exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Several parameters were identified that influenced the outcome of the ISO<\/jats:styled-content> 17075 test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T22:33:57Z","timestamp":1423002837000},"page":"206-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Chromium released from leather \u2013 I: exposure conditions that govern the release of chromium(III<\/scp>) and chromium(VI<\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Nobels v\u00e4g 13 Box 210, SE\u201017177 Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Drottning Kristinas v\u00e4g 51 SE\u201010044 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Nobels v\u00e4g 13 Box 210, SE\u201017177 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Odnevall Wallinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Drottning Kristinas v\u00e4g 51 SE\u201010044 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3417-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600270054010","article-title":"Patch test reactions to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds","volume":"94","author":"Samitz M","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12531034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9002726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0581-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"EC.2009. 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