{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:15:10Z","timestamp":1791422110211,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KI research foundations","award":["2013fobi37277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013fobi37277"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Research foundation","award":["2013014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013014"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare (FORTE)","award":["2013-0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-0054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Approximately 1\u20133% of the adult population in Europe are allergic to chromium (Cr). A new restriction in Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH<\/jats:styled-content>) based on the ISO<\/jats:styled-content> 17075 standard has recently been adopted in the EU<\/jats:styled-content> to limit Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) in consumer and occupational leather products to < 3 mg\/kg.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To investigate the influence of storage conditions [relative humidity, temperature, ultraviolet (UV<\/jats:styled-content>) irradiation, and duration] on Cr<\/jats:styled-content> release, and to assess several parameters relevant for occupational exposure (repeated exposure, wear, alkaline solutions, and sequential wet and dry exposures).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and methods<\/jats:title>A leather of relevance for work gloves was investigated for its release of Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(III<\/jats:styled-content>) and Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) under these different experimental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Relative humidity (water content in leather) during storage prior to Cr<\/jats:styled-content> extraction was the single most important parameter. Cr(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) levels could vary from non\u2010detectable to levels significantly exceeding the restriction limit, depending on the relative humidity. Leather contact with alkaline solution and UV<\/jats:styled-content> irradiation during storage could increase the Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) levels in subsequent extractions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The amount of Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) in leather is not an intrinsic property, but is influenced by environmental conditions of relevance for occupations and skin exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T07:19:15Z","timestamp":1422515955000},"page":"275-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Chromium released from leather \u2013 II<\/scp>: the importance of environmental parameters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Frederik","family":"Mathiason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas v\u00e4g 51 SE\u201010044 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 13 Box 210 SE\u201017177 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas v\u00e4g 51 SE\u201010044 Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 13 Box 210 SE\u201017177 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9002726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.Chromium (VI) in leather clothing and shoes problematic for allergy sufferers! 2007. Available at:http:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/en\/press_information\/2007\/10\/chromium_vi_in_leather_clothing_and_shoes_problematic_for_allergy_sufferers_\u20109575.html(last accessed 17 November 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00824.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Beseitigung von Chrom VI aus Lederartikeln","volume":"4","author":"Ollenhauer\u2010Ries C","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leder H\u00e4ute Markt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Survey and Health Assessment (Sensitisation Only) of Chromium in Leather Shoes","author":"Johansen J D","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (Echa).2013. 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Geneva Switzerland International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The influence of the relative humidity of air during storage on the formation lowering of Cr(VI) in chrome tanned leathers","volume":"13","author":"Graf D","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Leather"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1834901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01600a014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1958.01560110058008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Formation of Cr (VI) traces in chrome tanned leathers: causes, prevention, and latest findings","volume":"96","author":"Graf D","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Leather Chem Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Vermeidung von Chromat in Leder","volume":"9","author":"Hauber C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leder H\u00e4ute Markt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Relationships in the formation of hexavalent chrome [Cr(VI)]","author":"Meyndt R","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Leather"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Trivalent chromium to hexavalent chromium","volume":"201","author":"Saddington M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leather"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Avoiding Cr (VI) in leather manufacture","volume":"13","author":"Wolf G","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Leather"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"NickolausG.Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Vermeidung von Chrom VI\u2010Verbindungen im Verlauf der Lederverarbeitung. 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