{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:00:47Z","timestamp":1790611247801,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural and synthetic rubbers containing rubber accelerators are well\u2010known causes of allergic contact dermatitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>). Latex contact urticaria (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content>) has been widely reported, especially when powdered latex glove use was commonplace. Consequently, interventions to reduce latex exposure by altering glove manufacture were introduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to analyse trends in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010reported incidence of occupational skin disease associated with rubber accelerators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed cases reported to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPIDERM<\/jats:styled-content> (part of The Health and Occupation Research network) of occupational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> caused by natural and synthetic rubber products, between 1996 and 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the studied period, a decreasing incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> associated with rubber products was found, with an average annual change of \u22121.2% [95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) \u22123.1 to 0.7]. The number of cases of latex <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content> (n = 580) significantly declined. The number of cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> caused by mercapto mix and mercaptobenzothiazole (n = 177) and thiuram mix (n = 603) also declined. Reports of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> associated with carba mix and its constituents (n = 219) increased significantly, by an average annual percentage of 10.1% (95%CI: 6.1\u201314.2). Twenty\u2010six cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> caused by rarer rubber compounds were identified, highlighting skin disease attributable to less widely recognized chemicals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data show a falling reported incidence of occupational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> attributed to rubber chemicals, but within this a significant rise attributable to the constituents of the carba mix. Clinicians should recognize the changing diversity of chemicals used in rubber manufacturing, and consider including carba mix in their baseline series and testing beyond this in suspect cases to avoid false\u2010negative results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T05:40:56Z","timestamp":1424842856000},"page":"305-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["<scp>UK<\/scp> rates of occupational skin disease attributed to rubber accelerators, 1996\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Katharine L.","family":"Warburton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Leeds LS7 4SA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Urwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Leeds LS7 4SA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Carder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester  Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester  Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester  Manchester M13 9PL UK"},{"name":"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester M13 9WL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Mark","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Leeds LS7 4SA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6865.1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Latex Sensitization in the Health Care Setting (Use of Latex Gloves)","author":"Medical Devices Agency","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2012.02057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Latex Medical Gloves (Surgeons' and Examination) Powdered Latex Medical Gloves (Surgeons' and Examination)","author":"Medical Devices Agency Safety Notice","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division) DecisionsDugmore v Swansea NHS Trust & Anor 2002. 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