{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:47:18Z","timestamp":1787014038244,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Along with chromium, nickel and cobalt are the clinically most important metal allergens. However, unlike for nickel and cobalt, there is no validated colorimetric spot test that detects chromium. Such a test could help both clinicians and their patients with chromium dermatitis to identify culprit exposures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate the use of diphenylcarbazide (\n DPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) as a spot test reagent for the identification of chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) release.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A colorimetric chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) spot test based on\n DPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n was prepared and used on different items from small market surveys.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n DPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n spot test was able to identify chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) release at 0.5\u2009ppm without interference from other pure metals, alloys, or leather. A market survey using the test showed no chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) release from work tools (0\/100). However, chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) release from metal screws (7\/60), one earring (1\/50), leather shoes (4\/100) and leather gloves (6\/11) was observed. We found no false\u2010positive test reactions. Confirmatory testing was performed with\n X<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010ray fluorescence (\n XRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and spectrophotometrically on extraction fluids.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The use of\n DPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n as a colorimetric spot test reagent appears to be a good and valid test method for detecting the release of chromium(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) ions from leather and metal articles. The spot test has the potential to become a valuable screening tool.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]],"date-time":"2015-04-27T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1430111672000},"page":"281-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Chromium(\n VI<\/scp>\n ) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Bregnbak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital Hellerup 2900 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital Hellerup 2900 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten S.","family":"Jellesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Surface Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Zachariae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology Gentofte University Hospital Hellerup 2900 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte University Hospital Hellerup 2900 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0581-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100220"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02111.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2013.0280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e31828afafa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Chromium Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis","author":"Feigl F","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01600a014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"ISO 17075 Leather\u2014Chemical Tests\u2014Determination of Chromium (VI) Content 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Extraction by sweat of chromium from chrome tanned leathers","volume":"2","author":"Samitz M H","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Development and Use of Screening Methods to Determine Chromium (VI) and Brominated Flame Retardants in Electrical and Electronic Equipment","author":"Nilsson N H","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-364931-7.50008-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)93031-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(74)80194-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.440202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from trivalent chromium in leather tanning","volume":"43","author":"Estlander T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.0230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-199X(98)90003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Contact sensitivity to trivalent chromium compounds","volume":"26","author":"Rudzki E","year":"1978","journal-title":"Derm Beruf Umwelt"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1966.01600270054010","article-title":"Patch test reactions to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds","volume":"94","author":"Samitz M H","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1983.tb04470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"On the role of chrome and other trace elements in cement eczema","volume":"34","author":"Piril\u00e4 V","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cement dermatitis. 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