{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:05:23Z","timestamp":1782126323566,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In view of the current and unprecedented increase in contact allergy to methylisothiazolinone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>), we characterized and evaluated two recent epidemics of contact allergy to preservatives used in cosmetic products to address failures in risk assessment and risk management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate temporal trends of preservative contact allergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population included consecutive patch tested eczema patients seen at a university hospital between 1985 and 2013. A total of 23 138 patients were investigated for a contact allergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall prevalence of contact allergy to at least one preservative increased significantly over the study period, from 6.7% in 1985 to 11.8% in 2013 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Importantly, the preservatives methyldibromo glutaronitrile and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> rapidly resulted in high sensitization prevalence rates, which reached epidemic proportions. Although the proportion of patients with current clinical disease attributable to methyldibromo glutaronitrile contact allergy decreased significantly following the ban on its use in cosmetic products (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), the sudden and high proportion of current sensitization to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content> requires immediate attention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The introduction of new preservatives in Europe with inadequate pre\u2010market risk assessment has rapidly increased the overall burden of cutaneous disease caused by preservatives. We suggest that the cosmetic industry has a responsibility to react faster and replace troublesome preservatives when a preservative contact allergy epidemic is recognized, but the European Commission has the ultimate responsibility for failures in risk management after new, major sensitizing preservatives are introduced onto the market.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T06:53:20Z","timestamp":1437116000000},"page":"133-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Failures in risk assessment and risk management for cosmetic preservatives in Europe and the impact on public health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jakob F.","family":"Schwensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital  London SE1 7EH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkil","family":"Menn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Allergology National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"European Commission.Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products(1976L0768\u2010EN\u201024.04.2008\u2010021.002\u20103). 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