{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:02:51Z","timestamp":1777388571920,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The former \u2018<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EU N<\/jats:styled-content>ickel <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>irective\u2019 and, since 2009, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REACH R<\/jats:styled-content>egulation (item 27 of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>nnex <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XVII<\/jats:styled-content>) do not include all metallic objects. The nickel content of tools is not regulated by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REACH R<\/jats:styled-content>egulation, even if they may come into in prolonged contact with the skin. Tools might be possible sources of nickel and cobalt sensitization, and may contribute to elicitation and maintenance of hand eczema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To perform a current analysis of the frequency of nickel or cobalt release from new handheld tools purchased in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six hundred unused handheld tools from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman market were investigated with the dimethylglyoxime test for nickel release and with disodium\u20101\u2010nitroso\u20102\u2010naphthol\u20103,6\u2010disulfonate solution for cobalt release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel release was detected in 195 of 600 (32.5%) items, and cobalt in only six (1%) of them. Positive nickel results were nearly twice as frequent in tools \u2018made in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany\u2019 than in tools without a mark of origin. Tools made in other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean countries did not release nickel. Cobalt release was only found in pliers and a saw. A correlation was found between price level and nickel release. Among toolkits, 34.2% were inhomogeneous concerning nickel release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman market currently provides a large number of handheld tools that release nickel, especially tools \u2018made in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany\u2019. For consumer protection, it seems appropriate to include handheld tools in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REACH R<\/jats:styled-content>egulation on nickel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T06:55:22Z","timestamp":1440140122000},"page":"289-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Nickel and cobalt release from metal alloys of tools\u2009\u2013\u2009a current analysis in <scp>G<\/scp>ermany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Kickinger\u2010L\u00f6rsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"Occupational Medicine and Health Protection Freudenberg Service KG  D\u201069469 Weinheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bruckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg  D\u201069120 Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Mahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg  D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12371","article-title":"Current trends in patch testing\u2009\u2013\u2009new data from the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) and the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK)","volume":"12","author":"Mahler V","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Parliament and Council Directive 94\/27\/EC of 30 June 1994 amending for the 12th time Directive 76\/769\/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations","volume":"188","author":"The Commission of the European Communities","year":"1994","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"Restrichtions on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances, preparations and articles","volume":"396","author":"REACH ANNEX XVII","year":"2006","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Commission Directive 2004\/96\/EC of 27 September 2004 amending Council Directive 76\/769\/EEC as regards restrictions on the marketing and use of nickel for piercing post assemblies for purpose of adapting its Annex I to technical progress","volume":"301","author":"The Commission of the European Communities","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.0128f.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR).Kontaktallergene in Spielzeig: Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Nickel und Duftstoffen. 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