{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:51:35Z","timestamp":1790520695323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]],"date-time":"2016-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology of the University Medical Centre Groningen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Penetration, autoxidation and\n \n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2010acetylation of\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010phenylenediamine (\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) have been studied\n in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ex\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic>\n . However, a clear understanding of\n in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic>\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n penetration and the formation of\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n derivatives is lacking.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To obtain insights into the\n in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic>\n penetration, clearance and formation of\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n derivatives in human skin.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Patch test chambers containing\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1% pet. were applied to the forearms of two human volunteers, with increasing application times. Non\u2010invasive\n R<\/jats:styled-content>\n aman microspectroscopy was used for detection of\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (derivatives) in skin at several follow\u2010up times.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Application of a\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1% pet. patch for 30\u2009min resulted in substantial amounts of\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in the stratum corneum of 90\u2009mg\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/g keratin.\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n contents were highest after three applications for 1\u2009h each (330\u2009mg\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/g keratin), followed by single applications for 2\u2009h 40\u2009min, 2\u2009h, and 23\u2009h. The\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n half\u2010time in the skin was 3\u2009h. No spectral contributions of\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n androwski's base, monoacetyl\u2010\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and diacetyl\u2010\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n were detected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n We have gained insights into the\n in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic>\n penetration of\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in human skin by using non\u2010invasive Raman spectroscopy. Penetration into the skin was fast, and the\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations detected in the stratum corneum were high.\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n was detected in both the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. Oxidized or acetylated\n PPD<\/jats:styled-content>\n derivatives could not be detected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]],"date-time":"2016-01-18T07:02:09Z","timestamp":1453100529000},"page":"152-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Real\u2010time detection of\n p<\/i>\n \u2010phenylenediamine penetration into human skin by\n in\u2009vivo<\/i>\n R<\/scp>\n aman spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Laura Marjolijn","family":"Pot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter\u2010Jan","family":"Coenraads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brunhilde","family":"Bl\u00f6meke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology University of Trier D\u201054296 Trier Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerwin J.","family":"Puppels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC 3015 CE Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"RiverD International B.V. 3029 AK Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Caspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC 3015 CE Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"RiverD International B.V. 3029 AK Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02561.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0601408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00062-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-007-0191-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/000370207781540042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2011.07657.x","article-title":"In\u2009vivo 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