{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:15:12Z","timestamp":1791422112714,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\u20100054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\u20100054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Chromium (Cr<\/jats:styled-content>) release from Cr<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tanned leather articles is a major cause of Cr<\/jats:styled-content> contact dermatitis. It has been suggested that Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) release from leather is not necessarily an intrinsic property of the leather, but is strongly dependent on environmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To test this hypothesis for long\u2010term (8\u2009months) simulated use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>The release of total Cr<\/jats:styled-content> and Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) from Cr<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tanned, unfinished leather was analysed in subsequent phosphate buffer (pH<\/jats:styled-content>\u20098.0) immersions for a period of 7.5\u2009months. The effect of combined ultraviolet treatment and alkaline solution (pH<\/jats:styled-content>\u200912.1) was tested. Dry storage [20% relative humidity (RH<\/jats:styled-content>)] was maintained between immersions. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, X<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ray fluorescence and diphenylcarbazide tests were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) release was dependent on previous dry storage or alkaline treatment, but not on duration or number of previous immersions. Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(III<\/jats:styled-content>) release decreased with time. Fifty\u2010two percent of the total Cr<\/jats:styled-content> released during the last immersion period was Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>). Cr(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) release exceeded 9\u2009mg\/kg in all immersion periods except in the first 10\u2010day immersion (2.6\u2009mg\/kg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) release is primarily determined by environmental factors (RH<\/jats:styled-content> prior to immersion, solution pH<\/jats:styled-content>, and antioxidant content). The RH<\/jats:styled-content> should be kept low prior to testing Cr<\/jats:styled-content>(VI<\/jats:styled-content>) release from leather.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T16:17:13Z","timestamp":1462378633000},"page":"82-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Chromium(III<\/scp>) and chromium(VI<\/scp>) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 100 44 Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9002726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"ISO.Leather\u2009Chemical tests\u2009\u2013\u2009Determination of Chromium(VI) Content. ISO: 17075 2007. Geneva International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.Chromium (VI) in leather clothing and shoes problematic for allergy sufferers!2007.Available at:http:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/en\/press_information\/2007\/10\/chromium__vi__in_leather_clothing_and_shoes_problematic_for_allergy_sufferers_\u20109575.html (last accessed 25 January 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01600a014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"MeyndtR GermannH.Relationships in the formation of hexavalent chrome [Cr(VI)].World Leather June\/July2011 pp.14\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a707458a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03284.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"HauberC.Sources detection and avoidance of hexavalent chromium in leather and leather products UNIDO Report. US\/RAS\/92\/120: Vienna 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Formation of Cr(VI) traces in chrome tanned leathers: causes, prevention, and latest findings","volume":"96","author":"Graf D","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Leather Chem Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.0230.x"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:21:44Z","timestamp":1695572504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12581","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]}}}