{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:46:11Z","timestamp":1790520371967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel, cobalt and chromium are frequent skin sensitizers. Skin exposure results in eczema in sensitized individuals, the risk being related to the skin dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a self\u2010sampling method for quantification of skin exposure to metals, to validate the method, and to assess its feasibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Defined metal doses (0.01\u20135\u2009\u00b5g) were applied to the fingers of 5 participants. Skin areas (2\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were sampled with 1% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>, either as 0.1\u2009ml on a swab, or as 0.5\u2009ml on a wipe. Furthermore, 17 participants performed self\u2010sampling by swab after 2\u2009h of leisure activity. Samples were extracted in 1% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sampling efficiency by swab was 46%, as compared with 93% for acid wipe sampling, for all tested doses. Most metal from the skin dose was detected in the first swab (33\u201343%). Despite lower sampling efficiency by swab, skin doses of metals following 2\u2009h of leisure activity without hand washing were quantified in all participants, and ranged from 0.0016 to 0.15\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, from 0.00014 to \u22120.0020\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and from 0.00048 to \u22120.027\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for nickel, cobalt, and chromium, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate a future potential of skin sampling by swab to detect and monitor metals on skin by self\u2010sampling. This will contribute to better knowledge of metal skin exposure among dermatitis patients, workers, and the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T21:45:22Z","timestamp":1493329522000},"page":"17-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Development, validation and testing of a skin sampling method for assessment of metal exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Erfani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7160-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Midander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Lid\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneli","family":"Julander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  171 77 Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12492"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12426"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01326.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meq002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01856.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1917"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12781","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T05:20:01Z","timestamp":1696224001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12781","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]}}}