{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:45:37Z","timestamp":1780677937057,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency under the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel in metallic items has been regulated in Denmark since 1990; however, 10% of young Danish women are still sensitized to nickel. There is a need for continuous surveillance of the effect of regulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify current self\u2010reported metallic exposures leading to dermatitis in nickel\u2010allergic patients, and the minimum contact time needed for dermatitis to occur.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A questionnaire was sent to all patients who reacted positively to nickel sulfate 5% pet. within the last 5 years at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Gentofte Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The response rate was 63.2%. Earrings were the foremost cause of dermatitis after the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EU N<\/jats:styled-content>ickel Directive had been implemented, followed by other jewellery, buttons on clothing, belt buckles, and wrist watches. Dermatitis reactions within 10 min of contact were reported by 21.4% of patients, and dermatitis reactions within 30 min of contact were reported by 30.7% of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel exposures that led to the implementation of a nickel regulation seem to persist. The durations of contact with metallic items to fall under the current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REACH<\/jats:styled-content> regulation of nickel correspond well with the results of this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T08:48:38Z","timestamp":1491554918000},"page":"325-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Nickel allergy in a Danish population 25 years after the first nickel regulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin G.","family":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkil","family":"Menn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen  2900 Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01625.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1956.tb12808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04827.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb00093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12775"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Commission Directive 2004\/96\/EC of 27 September 2004. Amending Council Directive 76\/769\/EEC as regards restrictions on the marketing and use of nickel piercing post assemblies for the purpose of adapting its Annex I to technical progress","volume":"301","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0809293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Dir. 94\/27\/EC of 30 June 1994 amending for the 12th time Dir. 76\/769\/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of dangerous substances","volume":"37","author":"European Communities","year":"1994","journal-title":"Off J Eur Communities"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Reference test Method for Determination of Nickel Content by Flame Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry.CEN EN 1810:1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Reference test Method for Release of Nickel from Products Intended to Come into Direct and Prolonged Contact with the Skin.CEN EN 1811:1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Method for the Simulation of Wear and Corrosion for the Detection of Nickel Release from Coated Items.CEN EN 12472:1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Screening tests for Nickel Release from Alloys and Coatings in Consumer Items that Come into Direct and Prolonged Contact with the Skin.CEN CR 12471: 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization.Method for the Simulation of Wear before the Detection of Nickel Release from Coated Metal and Combination Spectacle Frames.ENV 14027: 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).Prolonged contact with the skin \u2013 Definition building for nickel (Entry 27 of Annex XVII to REACH) 2014. 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