{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T19:18:56Z","timestamp":1782242336196,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel and cobalt are important metal allergens, and more knowledge on the levels of exposure to these from everyday contacts is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report the results of a repeat routine surveillance scheme in the Federal Republic of Germany on the release of nickel and cobalt.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen laboratories assessed earrings and piercing jewellery items from 12 of the states in 2014, complying with EN 1811:2011\u2009+\u2009AC:2012 and using atomic absorption spectrometry,  inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for quantification. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis for left\u2010censored data was employed to account for measurements below the limit of quantification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel release exceeded 0.35\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per week in 26 of 160 piercing posts (16.2%), and 0.88\u2009\u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per week in 2.0\u20135.9% of other parts, that is, the current respective \u2018pass\u2019 thresholds, with no change from the previous 2008 survey. The level of cobalt release was lower than that of nickel release, and also significantly lower than in the previous survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The finding of the highest level of nickel release from piercing posts, with their deliberately lower threshold of acceptability, is worrying, as is the largely unchanged overall level of nickel release. A regulation on cobalt release is currently lacking; risk assessment and management based on dose\u2010elicitation data are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T07:56:45Z","timestamp":1514447805000},"page":"321-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Nickel and cobalt release from earrings and piercing jewellery \u2013 analytical results of a <scp>G<\/scp>erman survey in 2014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg  91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Office for Agriculture Food Safety and Fisheries Mecklenburg\u2010Vorpommern  18059 Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12775"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Evaluation of the dimethylglyoxime stick test for the detection of nickel","volume":"35","author":"Menn\u00e9 T","year":"1987","journal-title":"Derm Beruf Umwelt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"BVL. BVL\u2010Report 10.2\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Berichte zur Lebensmittelsicherheit. Bundesweiter \u00dcberwachungsplan Bundesamt f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit 2014. Available from:http:\/\/www.bvl.bund.de\/DE\/01_Lebensmittel\/01_Aufgaben\/02_AmtlicheLebensmittelueberwachung\/03_BUEP\/lm_buep_node.html(last accessed 1 December 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12499"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"ECHA. Q&A no. 935. European Chemicals Agency 2014. 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