{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:42:39Z","timestamp":1790948559450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u20093119) from the general population (aged 18\u201074\u2009years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the age\u2010standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99\u20106.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85\u20105.24), and currently having \u22653 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02\u20107.76).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long\u2010standing regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T19:42:38Z","timestamp":1523389358000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel and piercings: The EDEN Fragrance Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie L. A.","family":"Schuttelaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Ofenloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology University Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Bruze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Studi GISED  Bergamo Italy"},{"name":"Dermatology Department Inselspital University Hospital  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Elsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gon\u00e7alo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Coimbra University Hospital, University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Naldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Studi GISED  Bergamo Italy"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology AULSS8 Berica, Ospedale San Bortolo  Vicenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Diepgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology University Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12582"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.7932"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard","author":"Ahmad OB","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"General advice regarding ear piercing. 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Official J Eur Commun.1994;37:1\u20102."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Commission Directive 2004\/96\/EC of 27 September 2004 amending Council Directive 76\/769\/EEC as regards restrictions on the marketing and use of nickel for piercing post assemblies for the purpose of adapting its Annex I to technical progress.Official J Eur Union.2004;L301\/51."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Commission regulation (EC)No. 552\/2009 of June 2009 amending regulation (EC) No. 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration Evaluation Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII.Official J Eur Union.2009;L64:7\u201031."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.440102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12426"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut fur Risikobewertung Germany. 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Contact Dermatitis accepted for publication."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.4112"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.12983","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.12983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T17:45:11Z","timestamp":1695491111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.12983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.12983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.12983","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}