{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:28:52Z","timestamp":1789964932930,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]), which is carcinogenic to humans and a dermal sensitizer, in tattoo inks may represent a serious health concern. The level of this impurity is limited to 0.2 mg\/kg in tattoo inks by the European Resolution ResAP(2008)1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse 29 tattoo inks, produced in Europe and the United States, of different colours and brands, for Cr(VI) to assess their conformity with ResAP(2008)1 and to characterize dermal and systemic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the levels of Cr(VI) in inks; risk characterization was performed by calculating the systemic exposure dosage (SED) and margin of safety (MoS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety per cent of inks contained Cr(VI) (range: 0.22\u20104.09\u2009mg\/kg), ie, above the maximum allowed level, and no information appeared on the label. More than 1 mg\/kg Cr(VI) was detected in 27.6% of inks; these might represent a possible cause of dermal adverse reactions. Exposure to Cr(VI) in inks resulted in negligible SED values and MoS values of &gt;100 (safety threshold), indicating no appreciable systemic risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The minimization of Cr(VI) contamination and the use of technology compliant with good manufacturing practices is recommended to increase the safety of tattoo inks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]],"date-time":"2018-07-11T21:26:05Z","timestamp":1531344365000},"page":"218-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Hexavalent chromium in tattoo inks: Dermal exposure and systemic risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oreste","family":"Senofonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 78, Inorganic Chromium (VI) Compounds","author":"International Programme on Chemical Safety","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","series-title":"Chromium, Nickel and Welding","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9002726"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","article-title":"Regulation (EC) n 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and the council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products","volume":"342","author":"European Commission","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off J Eur Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung. Allergie ausl\u00f6sendes Chrom (VI) in Lederprodukten streng zu begrenzen. Techical Report. Stellungnahme Nr. 017\/2007 des BfR vom 15. September 2006 aktualisiert am 24. Mai 2007.Berlin Germany:Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60215-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1740-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"European Commission. Safety of Tattoos and Permanent Make\u2010up. Final Report of Work Package 3. Administrative arrangement N. 2014\u201033617 conducted on behalf of DG JUST. JRC Technical Reports.Ispra Italy:JRC;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2012.1844","article-title":"Permanent tattoos: evidence of pseudolymphoma in three patients and metal composition of the dyes","volume":"22","author":"Cristaudo A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452966"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6JA00210B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Resolution Resap(2008)1 on Requirements and Criteria for the Safety of Tattoos and Permanent Make\u2010Up","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Recommendation from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency on the Safety of Tattoo Ink","author":"The Danish Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic ingredients and their safety evaluation. 29 September 2015 SCCS\/1564\/15 revised version of April 25 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY03042G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"SW\u2010846 Test Method 3060A: Alkaline Digestion for Hexavalent Chromium","author":"US Environment Protection Agency","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Survey of Selected Samples of Tattoo Inks for the Presence of Heavy Metals","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Characterization of Tattoo Inks Used in Australia: National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme","author":"Australian Government","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)00038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2000.042001005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2011.02202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0644-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","article-title":"Commission Decision 2010\/15\/EU of 16 December 2009 laying down guidelines for the management of the Community Rapid Information System \u2018RAPEX\u2019 established under Article 12 and of the notification procedure established under Article 11 of Directive 2001\/95\/EC (the General Product Safety Directive) (notified under document C(2009) 9843)","volume":"22","author":"European Commission","year":"2010","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.0230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"2012","volume-title":"Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment","author":"European Chemicals Agency"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"Chronic toxicity studies. II. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium administered in drinking water to rats","volume":"18","author":"MacKenzie RD","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am Med Assoc Arch Ind Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","volume-title":"Guidance for Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Consumer Articles and Products","author":"The Danish Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.13051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.13051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T05:23:42Z","timestamp":1695014622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.13051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.13051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.13051","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}