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Despite this, limited safety information is available for tattoo inks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the skin sensitization potential of 5 tattoo inks in\u2009vitro by using reconstructed human skin (RHS) and the contact sensitization biomarker interleukin (IL)\u201018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two red and 3 black tattoo inks, 1 additive (<jats:italic>Hamamelis virginiana<\/jats:italic> extract) and 1 irritant control (lactic acid) were tested. The culture medium of RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast\u2010populated collagen hydrogel) was supplemented with test substances in a dose\u2010dependent manner for 24\u2009hours, after which cytotoxicity (histology; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay) and skin sensitization potential (IL\u201018 secretion; enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All but 1 ink showed cytotoxicity. Notably, 1 red ink and 1 black ink were able to cause an inflammatory response, indicated by substantial release of IL\u201018, suggesting that these inks may be contact sensitizers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The in\u2009vitro RHS model showed that 4 tattoo inks were cytotoxic and 2 were able to cause an inflammatory IL\u201018 response, indicating that an individual may develop allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to these tattoo inks, as they contain contact sensitizers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T06:44:37Z","timestamp":1535006677000},"page":"336-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin\u201018 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Wieneke","family":"Bil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan A. S.","family":"van der Bent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander W.","family":"Spiekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Nazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rustemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"PiccininiP PakalinS ContorL BianchiL SenaldiC.Safety of tattoos and permanent make\u2010up: final report.EUR27947 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"A9808","article-title":"Cutaneous adverse reactions to tattoos","volume":"160","author":"Bent SA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-0953-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Photocytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblasts elicited by permanent makeup inks containing titanium dioxide","volume":"62","author":"Wamer WG","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"PiccininiP ContorL PakalinS RaemaekersT SenaldiC.Safety of tattoos and permanent make\u2010up. 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