{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:06:53Z","timestamp":1790734013231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002257","name":"Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) definition of prolonged contact was introduced in 2014 and has not been evaluated clinically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether nickel\u2010sensitized individuals react on patch testing with high nickel\u2010releasing metal discs for short and repetitive periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We patch tested 45 nickel\u2010sensitized individuals double\u2010blind with 2 different types of high nickel\u2010releasing discs for 10, 30 and 60\u2009minutes on 3 occasions over a period of 2\u2009weeks, and for 1 longer period. Discs were tested for nickel release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel release from both discs significantly exceeded the 0.5 \u03bcg Ni\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week limit of the EU REACH nickel restriction. However, only 1 individual tested had a largely dose\u2010dependent allergic reaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of nickel\u2010allergic subjects did not react to nickel discs after 2 hours or after repetitive exposures of up to 30\u2009minutes on 3 occasions over a period of 2 weeks. The length of time needed to cause nickel allergic contact dermatitis in most nickel\u2010allergic individuals is longer than the ECHA guidance definition. Longer test times are needed to define the time required to cause dermatitis in most nickel\u2010allergic individuals. As a limitation, the test conditions did not adequately assess real\u2010life factors such as friction, which is relevant for some uses of nickel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T20:42:05Z","timestamp":1536957725000},"page":"356-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Does clinical testing support the current guidance definition of prolonged contact for nickel allergy?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Rosemary L.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc.  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc.  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danit","family":"Maor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc.  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harini","family":"Rajgopal Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc.  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alka","family":"Lalji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc.  Carlton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NiPERA Inc.  Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Ordinance on the prohibition of sales of certain products containing nickel","author":"Ministry of Environment (Denmark)","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Parliament and Council Directive 94\/27\/EC of 30 June 1994 amending for the 12th time Directive 76\/769\/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (the EU Nickel Directive)","volume":"188","year":"1994","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) No. 552\/2009 of 22 June 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1907\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards Annex XVII. Annex: Entry 27","volume":"164","year":"2009","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).Prolonged contact with the skin\u2014definition building for nickel 02.04.2014.Helsinki Finland ECHA 2014.https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/13641\/nickel_restriction_prolonged_contact_skin_en.pdf. Accessed October 25 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Rings & Things.About Metals: Information for Making Jewelry.Spokane WA:Rings & Things 2018.http:\/\/www.rings-things.com\/Learn\/Metals\/. Accessed June 19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda\u2010JohnE. From the Nickel Directive to the REACH restriction. Workshop on the EU Nickel restriction. Articles in direct and prolonged contact with the skin. Presentation. Brussels June 25 2015.https:\/\/www.nickelinstitute.org\/en\/HealthScienceEnvironmentalScienceAndSafeUse\/HumanHealthScience\/NACD\/NACDWorkshop2015.aspx. Accessed June 20 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).European Union Risk Assessment for Nickel. (2008\u20132009). Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment for Nickel Metal (CAS No. 7440\u201302\u20100) (EINECS No. 231\u2013111\u20104). Prepared in Relation to Council Regulation (EEC) 793\u201393.2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01448.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12426"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-199X(99)90001-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70178-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Patch testing with nickel sulphate under occlusion for five hours","volume":"68","author":"Bruze M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12657"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.044003160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2008.01326.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.07.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10644.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155501753279578"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.02.009"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcod.13095","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.13095","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cod.13095","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.13095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T04:34:34Z","timestamp":1694320474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.13095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.13095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.13095","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}