{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:22:25Z","timestamp":1784917345121,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91648328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91648328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leather exposure has been associated with chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) contact dermatitis. Cr(VI) in leather is now restricted to &lt;3 mg\/kg in the EU. Cr(III) is not restricted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse 29 differently coloured Cr\u2010tanned leather samples from two Nicaraguan tanneries, and to compare their release of Cr, Cr(VI) and Co with that of leathers produced in Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cr, Cr(VI) and Co were extracted in phosphate buffer for 3 hours at 25\u00b0C according to EN ISO 17075. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectrophotometry were used for detection of the metals in phosphate buffer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no difference in total Cr or Cr(VI) release between European and Nicaraguan leathers. There was no association between Cr(VI) and total Cr release. Co was released primarily from leathers of one tannery. Cr(III) was released in significantly higher amounts than Cr(VI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future investigations and regulations should focus on Cr(III) and Co as well as on Cr(VI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T18:27:29Z","timestamp":1543429649000},"page":"149-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chromium(III), chromium(VI) and cobalt release from leathers produced in Nicaragua"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Moncada Ch\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Faculty of Medical Science National Autonomous University of Honduras  Tegucigalpa Honduras"},{"name":"Central American Network of Information and Advice Centres in Toxicology (RedCIATOX)  Tegucigalpa Honduras"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Health, Labour and Environment (CIDSTA)  Tegucigalpa Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.0230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00824.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380590521436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58503-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"ISO 17075\u20101 Leather\u2014chemical determination of chromium(VI) content in leather\u2014part 1: colorimetric method 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Formation of Cr (VI) traces in chrome tanned leathers: causes, prevention, and latest findings","volume":"96","author":"Graf D","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Leather Chemists\u2019 Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Statistical Compendium for raw hides and skins leather and leather footwear 1993\u20102012.http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/est\/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING\/Hides_Skins\/Documents\/COMPENDIUM2013.pdf. Accessed September 10 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"UNIDO. Future Trends in the World Leather and Leather Products Industry and Trade.http:\/\/leatherpanel.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\u2010attachments\/future_trends_in_the_world_leather_and_leather_products_industry_and_trade.pdf. Accessed September 6 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Ministerio De Fomento Industria Y Comercio (Mific). Situaci\u00f3n y Perspectivas de la Industria del Cuero y Calzado en Nicaragua [Situation and Perspectives of the Leather and Footwear Industry in Nicaragua] https:\/\/www.mific.gob.ni\/Portals\/0\/Documentos%20Industria\/Industria%20del%20Cuero%20y%20Calzado.pdf. Accessed September 6 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"El Nuevo Diario. Nicaragua: Exportaci\u00f3n de calzado crece 26%.https:\/\/www.centralamericadata.com\/es\/article\/home\/Nicaragua_Exportacin_de_calzado_crece_26. Accessed September 6 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"El Nuevo Diario. Nicaragua: Zapateros de parabienes.https:\/\/www.centralamericadata.com\/es\/article\/home\/Nicaragua_Zapateros_de_parabienes. 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