{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:10:38Z","timestamp":1791864638893,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008751","name":"Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural research project (SFP #1322\u2010604)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural research project (SFP #1322\u2010604)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Red tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyzed by matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI\u2010MS\/MS) for identification of commonly used organic pigments. Metal concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)\u2010MS and x\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF). Fourteen patients had cross\u2010reactions in other red tattoos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, the identified pigments were mainly azo Pigment Red (P.R.) 22 (35%), P.R. 210 (24%), P.R. 170 (12%), P.R. 5 (0.9%), P.R. 112 (0.9%), and Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13 (11%). P.R. 122 (0.9%) and Pigment Violet (P.V.) 23 (8%) were also common. P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 also dominated in patients with cross\u2010reactions. In 22% of the biopsies, no red pigment was detected. Element analysis indicated the presence of the sensitizers nickel and chromium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 were identified as the prevailing pigments behind chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos. The epitope causing the reaction might be a pigment\u2010degradation product. Metal contamination may derive from different sources, and its role in red tattoo allergy cannot be ascertained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T16:14:49Z","timestamp":1571415289000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Serup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The \u201cTattoo Clinic\u201d Bispebjerg University Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Hutton Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The \u201cTattoo Clinic\u201d Bispebjerg University Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Dommershausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Sepehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Herlev University Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The European Synchrotron (ESRF)  Grenoble Cedex 9 France"},{"name":"Xploraytion GmbH  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Seim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xploraytion GmbH  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Luch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9313-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Schreiver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346943"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000468536"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15677"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Tattoo Inks: Analysis, Pigments, Legislation","author":"Prior G","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-02777-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"HauriU.Inks for tattoos and PMU (permanent make\u2010up)\/Organic pigments preservatives and impurities such as primary aromatic amines and nitrosamines. 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