{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:33:19Z","timestamp":1764174799502,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006286","name":"Kongelig Hofbuntmager Aage Bangs Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004270","name":"Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006286","name":"Kongelig Hofbuntmager Aage Bangs Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) is a well\u2010known cause of occupational contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to (1) determine the amount of nickel, chromium, and cobalt in large samples of used and unused MWFs collected from metalworking plants in Denmark, and (2) evaluate a handheld x\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF) device as a screening instrument for metals in MWFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A handheld XRF device was used to screen for metals in MWFs. All samples were also analyzed for concentrations of nickel, chromium, and cobalt using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GFAAS analysis showed that 13 of 80 samples (16.3%) contained &gt;1\u2009mg\/kg (ppm) nickel (range: 6.4\u201017.7 mg\/kg), 3 of 80 (3.8%) contained &gt;1 (range: 1.4\u20103.1) mg\/kg chromium, and 1 of 80 (1.3%) contained 1.3 mg\/kg cobalt. XRF\u2010screening detected nickel in eight samples (range: 2.5\u201015.5 mg\/kg), but only one sample with 3.0 (\u00b10.5) mg\/kg was found subsequently to contain 9.9 (0.02) mg\/kg nickel by GFAAS. Although no chromium was found by XRF analysis, cobalt was found in two samples with 6 (\u00b11.5) mg\/kg and 5 (\u00b11.5) mg\/kg, subsequently found to contain 0.1 (\u00b10.01) mg\/kg and 0.08 (\u00b10.01) mg\/kg by GFAAS. Similar concentrations of nickel were found in used (N = 6, range: 6.4\u201017.7 mg\/kg) and unused MWFs (N = 7, range: 9.1\u201017.3 mg\/kg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considerable levels of nickel, chromium, and cobalt were found in some used and unused MWFs indicating that these might represent a source of metal allergy. The XRF device is a poor screening test for these metals in MWFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T04:33:01Z","timestamp":1585110781000},"page":"83-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metals in used and unused metalworking fluids: X\u2010ray fluorescence spectrometry as a screening test"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1527-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Alinaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Zachariae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200050407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08030.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Occupational dermatoses caused by contact with metalworking fluids in the region of Central Slovakia from 2000 to 2012","volume":"22","author":"Urbancek 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