{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T01:13:10Z","timestamp":1782522790426,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, considerable efforts to standardize methods for accurate assessment of properties and safety aspects of nanomaterials are being made. However, immunomodulation effects upon skin exposure to nanomaterial have not been explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the immunotoxicity of single\u2010wall carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, and fullerene using the current mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization by applying the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigation of the ability of nanomaterials to interact with skin proteins using the micro\u2010direct peptide reactivity assay; the expression of CD86 cell surface marker using the U937 cell activation test (OECD No. 442E\/2018); and the effects of nanomaterials on modulating inflammatory response through inflammatory cytokine release by U937 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The nanomaterials easily internalized into keratinocytes cells, interacted with skin proteins, and triggered activation of U937 cells by increasing CD86 expression and modulating inflammatory cytokine production. Consequently, these nanomaterials were classified as skin sensitizers in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests the potential immunotoxicity of nanomaterials and highlights the importance of studying the immunotoxicity and skin sensitization potential of nanomaterials to anticipate possible human health risks using standardized mechanistic nonanimal methods with high predictive accuracy. Therefore, it contributes toward the applicability of existing OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) testing guidelines for accurate assessment of nanomaterial skin sensitization potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,19]],"date-time":"2020-07-19T12:18:29Z","timestamp":1595161109000},"page":"67-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework for investigating skin sensitization potential of nanomaterials using new approach methods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Soraia F.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Education and Research in in vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"dos Santos Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Education and Research in in vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur C. G.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Education and Research in in vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato I.","family":"de \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Education and Research in in vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallison R. G.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Education and Research in in vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00edlio R.","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology\u2014Farmatec, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s  Goi\u00e2nia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danillo F. M. 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