{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:28:30Z","timestamp":1778851710693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies suggest that patch testing with formaldehyde releasers (FRs) gives significant additional information to formaldehyde 1% aq. and should be considered for addition to the European baseline series (EBS). It is not known if this is also true for formaldehyde 2% aq.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde 2% aq. and co\u2010reactivity with FRs. To establish whether there is justification for including FRs in the EBS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 4\u2010year, multi\u2010center retrospective analysis of patients with positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde 2% aq. and five FRs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A maximum of 15\u2009067 patients were tested to formaldehyde 2% aq. and at least one FR. The percentage of isolated reactions to FR, without co\u2010reactivity to, formaldehyde 2% aq. for each FR were: 46.8% for quarternium\u201015 1% pet.; 67.4% imidazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 64% diazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 83.3% 1,3\u2010dimethylol\u20105, 5\u2010dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM) hydantoin 2% pet. and 96.3% 2\u2010bromo\u20102\u2010nitropropane\u20101,3\u2010diol 0.5% pet. This demonstrates that co\u2010reactivity varies between FRs and formaldehyde, from being virtually non\u2010existent in 2\u2010bromo\u20102\u2010nitropropane\u20101,3\u2010diol 0.5% pet. (Cohen's kappa: 0, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22120.02 to 0.02)], to only weak concordance for quaternium\u201015 [Cohen's kappa: 0.22, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.28)], where Cohen's kappa value of 1 would indicate full concordance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Formaldehyde 2% aq. is an inadequate screen for contact allergy to the formaldehyde releasers, which should be considered for inclusion in any series dependant on the frequency of reactions to and relevance of each individual allergen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T13:48:08Z","timestamp":1599054488000},"page":"95-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Formaldehyde 2% is not a useful means of detecting allergy to formaldehyde releasers\u2014 results of the<scp>ESSCA<\/scp>network, 2015\u20102018"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3876-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chapel Allerton Hospital Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Uter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen\/N\u00fcrnberg Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5047-8948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) Institute at the University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen 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Leicester Royal Infirmary Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Laresse","family":"Filon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6471-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Mahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University Hospital Erlangen, Medical Faculty Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg Germany"},{"name":"Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pesonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Helsinki 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