{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1775706621612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metalworkers are said to have heavy exposure to metals, but the amount of released metal ions from alloys and deposition on the hands is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze nickel, cobalt, and chromium <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> release to the artificial sweat from nails and wire made of different alloys, and to test metal deposition on the fingers of metalworkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six different samples of nails and wire were kept in artificial sweat for 24\u2009hours and one week, respectively. The metal release was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Eighty\u2010eight consecutive metal plant workers immersed their index fingers and thumbs in separate laboratory tubes filled with deionized water for 2\u2009minutes. The sample analysis for metals was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP\u2010MS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average released concentration of Ni was 0.0012\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, for Co it was 0.0007\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and for Cr 0.0037\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> after 24\u2009hours and 0.0135, 0.0029, and 0.0042\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively, after 1 week. There was a statistically significant increase in released concentration of Ni during one week: 0.0012\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> vs 0.0135\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic> .04). Medians of the detected Co amount on fingers reflected a statistically significant difference between workplaces: 0.004\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for metalworkers vs 0.001\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for office staff (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr) can be released in different concentrations from nails and wire. Detected Ni and Cr levels can elicit dermatitis in already sensitized patients. Co can be extracted from alloys even if not mentioned on material safety data sheets. The finger immersion technique was used for cobalt and chromium detection on fingers for the first time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T07:40:45Z","timestamp":1607154045000},"page":"247-253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Occupational exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the Lithuanian hard metal industry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4693-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotryna","family":"Linauskiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Dahlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilvinas","family":"Ezerinskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Nuclear Technologies Center for Physical Sciences and Technology  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marl\u00e9ne","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Sapolaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Nuclear Technologies Center for Physical Sciences and Technology  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Malinauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).Prolonged contact with the skin\u2010definition building for nickel. 02.04.2014. 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