{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:03:18Z","timestamp":1785164598099,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromium and cobalt are important skin sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to identify causative exposures. Studies on nickel allergy have demonstrated piercing as critical for both sensitization and elicitation. It may be speculated that the same applies for chromium and cobalt.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the content and release of chromium and cobalt from earrings randomly purchased in Denmark.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred four earrings were examined with x\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Earrings with measured content of chromium or cobalt were spot tested with diphenylcarbazide spot test (n\u00a0=\u00a0166) or Nitroso\u2010R spot\u2010test (n\u00a0=\u00a099), respectively. Chromium and cobalt release were quantified in a selected subsample (n\u00a0=\u00a0100) with the artificial sweat test (EN 1811).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromium was present in 54.6% (166\/304) of earrings and cobalt was present in 72.0% (219\/304),\u2212 measured by XRF. All chromium spot tests for chromium VI were negative. The cobalt spot test was positive for one component. Chromium release was found from 59\/100 (median concentration\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.06\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week) and cobalt release from 29\/100 (median concentration\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.06\u2009\u03bcg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/week) of earrings in tested subsample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Earrings for piercing release chromium and cobalt and may on a case basis be a source of chromium and cobalt allergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T18:29:52Z","timestamp":1624213792000},"page":"523-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chromium and cobalt release from metallic earrings from the Danish market"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5071-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wennervaldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin G.","family":"Ahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkil","family":"Menn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten B.","family":"Haulrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1527-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Alinaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne D.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev\u2010Gentofte  Hellerup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13704"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02042-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01709.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01437a007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"European 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