{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:55:46Z","timestamp":1791284146411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hand eczema is a common inflammatory condition of the skin that has been linked to hand hygiene. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aims to determine the risks of hand eczema associated with hand hygiene, including frequency of hand washing, wet work and use of alcohol hand rub. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library was performed for cohort, case\u2013control or cross\u2010sectional studies that analysed the association between hand hygiene and risk of hand eczema. Results of individual studies were presented in respective forest plots and pooled summary relative risks were estimated using a random\u2010effects model. Forty\u2010five studies were included in the analysis. Hand washing at least 8\u201310 times daily significantly increased risk of hand eczema (relative risk [RR] 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35\u20131.68;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). The risk was related to hand washing frequency, with higher pooled RR of 1.66 (95% CI: 1.51\u20131.83;\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.001) with increased hand washing at least 15\u201320 times daily. However, use of alcohol\u2010based hand sanitizer was not significantly associated with risk of hand eczema. Given the widespread implementation of hand hygiene practices during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, there is a pertinent need to understand skin care habits specific to the hands to avoid a greater incidence of hand eczema.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T11:20:03Z","timestamp":1650712803000},"page":"303-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Hand hygiene and hand eczema: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enver De Wei","family":"Loh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yik Weng","family":"Yew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore"},{"name":"National Skin Centre Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.110629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39546-8_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2003.05678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.450604.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155502320624096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"WellsGSB O'ConnellD PetersonJ WelchV LososM TugwellP.The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses.2013.http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5867\/medwave.2021.02.8109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00443-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e318290c57f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2006.00823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211018013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6627472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S309681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00159.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13656"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"A05200357","article-title":"COVID\u201019 reopening causes high risk of irritant contact dermatitis in children","volume":"67","author":"Borch L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2018.1427307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199810000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.02027.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_973_20","article-title":"Effect of hand hygiene practices in healthcare workers on development of hand eczema during Coronavirus\u201019 pandemic: a cross sectional online survey","volume":"66","author":"Jindal R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2010.01813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2011.01961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0765-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes in dermatological complaints among healthcare professionals during the COVID\u201019 outbreak in Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Metin N","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.13.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773806287051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqp034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00223-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.362"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","first-page":"e7506","article-title":"Frequent hand washing for COVID\u201019 prevention can cause hand dermatitis: management tips","volume":"12","author":"Beiu C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_448_20"}],"container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.14133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cod.14133","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cod.14133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T16:53:40Z","timestamp":1727024020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cod.14133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cod.14133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cod.14133","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-1873","1600-0536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-1873","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}