{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:54:52Z","timestamp":1747184092269,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of South African healthcare workers are Black Africans with dark\u2010pigmented skin. Studies on how the markers of skin barrier function and natural moisturising factor (NMF) compare between dark and light\u2010pigmented skin are limited. Quantifying NMF in a nursing student population during their practical training at university may provide valuable insight into their potential susceptibility to skin conditions associated with low NMF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare NMF content of Black African, Mixed Race and White nursing students from their dominant dorsal hand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010nine White, 32 Black African and 5 Mixed Race nursing students participated in this study. Tape strip samples were collected from the participants' dominant dorsal hand and NMF content was measured, including histidine (HIS), pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), trans\u2010urocanic acid (t\u2010UCA) and <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\u2010urocanic acid (c\u2010UCA), as well as cytokines interleukin\u20101 alpha (IL\u20101\u03b1) and interleukin\u20101 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101RA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No statistically significant differences in PCA, t\u2010UCA, c\u2010UCA, IL\u20101\u03b1 or IL\u20101RA were found between Black African and White nursing students. HIS was significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) higher in White nursing students when compared to Black African students. The ratio of tot\u2010UCA\/HIS was significantly higher in Black Africans (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002) when compared to White nursing students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant differences were established in NMF content between White and Black African nursing students, other than HIS which was significantly higher in White students than in Black African students. Different HIS levels between the racial groups suggest variation in histidase activity which may be related to skin pH and pigmentation. This finding may suggest that nursing students at the beginning of their careers may have similar susceptibility to skin diseases related to NMF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:33:30Z","timestamp":1705984410000},"page":"378-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural moisturising factor constituents in South African nursing students"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes Lodewykus","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1063-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Kezic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public and Occupational Health Department, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivone","family":"Jakasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), Faculty of Health Sciences North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function","author":"Harding C","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Monteiro\u2010Riviere, Editor. 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