{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:02:33Z","timestamp":1773964953970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002706","name":"AFA F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, increased hand hygiene practices were implemented. Impaired skin health on the hands among healthcare workers has been reported previously. Knowledge of how worker in other occupations have been affected is scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate self\u2010reported hand water\u2010, and soap exposure and use of hand disinfectants, and hand eczema (HE) in frontline workers outside the hospital setting and in IT personnel during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross\u2010sectional study, a questionnaire was sent out between 1 March and 30 April in 2021, to 6060 randomly selected individuals representing six occupational groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant increase in water exposure and hand disinfectant use was shown: Relative position (RP) 19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17\u20130.21 and RP\u2009=\u20090.38: 95% CI 0.36\u20130.41, respectively. Newly debuted HE was reported by 7.4% of the population, more frequently among frontline workers (8.6%) compared to IT personnel (4.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Water and soap exposure and use of hand disinfectants increased during COVID\u201019 pandemic, which may increase the risk of hand eczema. This highlights the importance of communication and implementation of preventive measures to protect the skin barrier also in occupations other than healthcare workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T05:35:10Z","timestamp":1711085710000},"page":"22-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Water, soap, and hand\u2010disinfectant exposure during the COVID\u201019 pandemic and self\u2010reported hand eczema in frontline workers: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9603-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libe","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lagrelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina Anveden","family":"Berglind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Midander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2131-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneli","family":"Julander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019).2020[updated 10 May 2022]https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. 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