{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:34:28Z","timestamp":1790879668810,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contact Dermatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leather has been a significant source of chromium (Cr) allergy in Denmark since the 1990s. More recently, cobalt (Co) allergy has been identified in leather as a source of allergic contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To measure Cr and Co levels in Danish leather goods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 87 leather samples were collected, all tanned in Europe. Handheld X\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF) device was used to screen for the presence of Cr and Co. The 20 leather samples with the highest concentrations of Co and Co were tested using International Organization for Standardization (ISO)\u2010standards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>XRF analysis showed Cr in 78\/87 (83.9%) samples and Co in 52\/87 (59.7%), with average concentrations of 41\u2009mg\/kg (range: 0.0\u201377\u2009mg\/kg) and 0.22\u2009mg\/kg (range: 0.0\u20132.9\u2009mg\/kg), respectively. ISO 10195 and 17\u2009075\u20131 testing identified Cr (VI) in 7 out of 20 samples (1.4; 0.3\u20134.2\u2009mg\/kg), while ISO 17072\u20101 detected Co in 6 of 20 samples, averaging 3.95\u2009mg\/kg (range: 0.22\u20137.9\u2009mg\/kg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most leather samples contained Cr, which was expected, while Cr (VI) was detectable in seven out of twenty tested samples but only detected in one product above the regulatory limit of 3\u2009mg\/kg. A potentially significant concentration was found for Co.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T04:24:47Z","timestamp":1722227087000},"page":"398-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chromium and cobalt in leather: A Danish market survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikkel Bak","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1527-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Alinaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4692-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas F.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Science Western Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2145-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda S.","family":"Hedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Western University  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Surface Science Western Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Zachariae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne Duus","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32836457bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100536.2011.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102133.2009.09405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100536.2010.01798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42825\u2010020\u201000027\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105\u20101873.2006.00824.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010005\u20100226\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Unknown European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).Opinion of the Committee for Risk Assessment and Opinion of the Committee for Socio\u2010Economic Analysis on an Annex XV Dossier proposing restrictions of the manufacture placing on the market or use of a substance within the EU.2020. 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